Current issue

• 2013 Vol.29 No.17 Published:15 June 2013

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  Economic Explanations on Fluctuation of Pig Price in China 2013, 29 (17):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3397 Abstract + ( 961 )   PDF ( 659729KB )   ( 765 ) Pig farming industry has an important position in China. The frequent fluctuation of pig price in recent years has certain impact on smooth running of national economy and healthy development of pig farming industry. Known from studying the relevant literatures, there were both endogenous and exogenous factors in fluctuation of pig price, and then the paper proposed to study the causes of fluctuation of pig price using theories of economics. Cobweb model is a principal tool to explain price fluctuation of agricultural products. By analyzing data from January, 2000 to July, 2012, it is found that the fluctuation of pig price in China presents a state of “cobweb disturbance” showing divergent case in general while convergent case and closed case in certain periods of time. It is believed that this phenomenon was closely related to change of macroeconomic environment in China, particularly the change of monetary policy represented by the interest rate. By analyzing pig farmer’s behavior to price change of piglet and feed, and analyzing relation between real wage and pig farming industry from the angle of macro labor demand and goods supply, the paper brought up two new exploratory explanations which were helpful to supplement the deficiency of cobweb model.

  Study on the Factors of Effecting Superovulation in Simmental Cattle 2013, 29 (17):  7-13.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4050 Abstract + ( 1571 )   PDF ( 574688KB )   ( 666 ) The experiment was conducted to analyze the factors of influencing superovulation in Simmental Cattle, with the aim of increasing the availability of donor cows and accelerating industrialization of the embryo transplantation. The average number of recovered embryos and the average number of available embryos were taken as the main technical indicators, in agricultural areas of Hubei Province and pasturing areas of Inner Mongolia, the main factors of superovulation were compared, including primiparous and heifers, FSH of CAS(Chinese Academy of Sciences) and FSH of Canada, two different superovulation programs and different seasons. The results showed that: (1) The average number of recovered embryos and the average number of available embryos of heifers (9.8, 7.5) were higher than those of primiparous (7.5, 4.2) in agricultural areas (P<0.05), and those of heifers (10.3, 8.4) were higher than those of primiparous (8.0, 5.5) in pasturing areas (P<0.05). (2) There were no significant differences of the average number of recovered embryos and the average number of available embryos between the FSH of CAS (8.0, 4.8) and FSH of Canada (9.0, 5.9) in agricultural areas (P>0.05), and the similar result was acquired in pasturing areas, also no differences between the FSH of CAS (8.8, 5.5) and FSH of Canada (9.5, 6.5; P>0.05). (3) The Superovulation effects of program A (FSH+PG) and program B (CIDR+E2+P4+FSH+PG) were compared. The average number of recovered embryos and the average number of available embryos of program B (10.5, 8.0) were higher than that of program A (7.5, 4.8) in pasturing areas (P<0.05); and program B (9.6, 7.1) were higher than that of program A (7.0, 4.2) in agricultural areas (P<0.05). (4) The average number of recovered embryos and the average number of available embryos in summer (9.6, 7.5) were higher than that of in spring (6.0, 3.5) in pasturing areas (P<0.05). There were no significant differences of the average number of recovered embryos and the average number of available embryos between spring (8.2, 5.4) and autumn (9.0, 6.7) in agricultural areas (P>0.05). In conclusion: (1) Heifers could be the best choice as donors in agricultural and pasturing areas. (2) The FSH of CAS was better choice considering good superovulation result and low price；(3) The superovulation result in application of program B was better than that of program A. (4) For Pasturing areas, superovulation should be performed in summer, and for agricultural areas, superovulation could be performed both in spring and autumn.

  Effects of salt stress on the growth and photosynthetic physiological characteristics of alfalfa 2013, 29 (17):  14-18.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3847 Abstract + ( 940 )   PDF ( 701867KB )   ( 619 ) In order to investigate the impact of salt stress on growth and photosynthetic physiological characteristics in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) provided scientific foundation for enhancement of plant salt tolerance , increase of biomass and breeding new salt-tolerant plant.The two-year Gongnong No.1 as experimental material to study physiological and biochemical responses under different concentration of NaCl in fields. The results show that (1)S1 and S2 of photosynthesis rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (Gs) had a increase only slightly at early period, and then resumed its descent which had fluctuation smaller with the course of time, the trend of S3 was declined continuously yet.(2)Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) in all treatment groups appears the trend of initially increase sharply and then decrease gradually along with treatment time.(3)Transpiration rate (Tr) in all treatment groups appears the trend of decreased with treatment time progressed and has a slight recover in late treatment. SPAD value and aboveground biomass of alfalfa decreased remarkably with the increasing of salt concentration. Research shows the photosynthesis was restrained and further affected aboveground biomass. At the later stage of low salinity stress, the photosynthesis has recover. The results indicated that alfalfa has a certain salt-tolerant.

  Study on Effects of Multi-factors on Superovulation in Cattle 2013, 29 (17):  19-24.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0605 Abstract + ( 903 )   PDF ( 562317KB )   ( 553 ) In order to expand the breeding flock of cattle in China, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer breeding programs were applied to the limited number of imported cattle. This study investigated the effects of superovulation from five different breeds, parity (nulliparous and multiparous), different nutrition levels, the interval time of repeated superovulation, the time of treatment on cattle superovulation. The results showed that four different breeds did not significantly affect the results of superovulation (P>0.05). Nulliparous for superovulation treatment were better multiparous (P<0.01). The group of different nutrition levels extremely affected the results of superovulation. The trial investigated the optimal interval time of repeated superovulation was 39 days. The superovulation treatment consisted of eight intramuscular injections with the first FSH treatment on day 9 or 10. There were significantly affection of parity (nulliparous and multiparous), different nutrition levels, the time of treatment superovulation on cattle superovulation, and the effects were not significant of different breeds, the interval time of repeated superovulation on cattle superovulation.

  Investigation and Analysis of the Use of Animal Drugs on the Medium-size and Small Pig Farms in Shandong Area 2013, 29 (17):  25-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3381 Abstract + ( 821 )   PDF ( 687592KB )   ( 629 ) In order to improve professional knowledge of pig-raising farmers and strengthen the rational use of veterinary drugs and monitoring of the drug residues, we investigated the basic information of medium-size and small pig farms and the use of veterinary drugs in the process of breeding in Shandong area through a variety of ways. Findings indicated that preventing drugs currently used on pig farms were mainly antibacterial drugs, Chinese traditional medicines, antiparasitic drugs, nutrient and antiviral drugs, and the remedial drugs used were mainly Chinese traditional medicines, antiviral drugs and antiparasitic drugs. Chinese traditional medicines were mainly for improving the body immunity and preventing virus diseases. Parasitic diseases were primarily based on prevention. During the investigation, some inhibitory drugs have been found still in use on some farms, so we should strengthen the supervision.

  Effects of Forsythoside on the functions of different tissue phagocytes from mice 2013, 29 (17):  32-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3732 Abstract + ( 825 )   PDF ( 896495KB )   ( 660 ) Objective To investigate effects of Forsythoside (FS) on the proliferation and function of different tissue macrophages separated from mice. Methods Peritoneal, bone marrow and spleen macrophages were prepared by aseptic technique from 56 Kunming mice killed by cervical dislocation and in vitro cultured in media containing different concentration FS (40, 80, 160 mg.L-1) alone or respectively together with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell proliferation was detected by MTT, TNF-α and NO level were assayed by ELISA and Griess method respectively. Phagocytic ability of peritoneal macrophages was analyzed by Wright-Giemsa staining method. Results Compared with LPS group, it were very significantly increased in absorbance values of peritoneal macrophage treated with FS and of bone marrow macrophages stimulated with FS+LPS, but decreased markedly in those of spleen and bone marrow macrophages treated with FS and of peritoneal and spleen macrophages with FS+LPS. In addition, FS was very significantly improved cell proliferation of spleen and bone marrow macrophages while significantly inhibited that of peritoneal macrophages from mice injected by cyclophosphamide (CY). TNF-α secretion levels of different tissue macrophages in FS group were significantly lower than those of the control and LPS group. FS significantly increased NO secretion level of LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages and reduced that of spleen macrophages and also there was a significant dose-dependence, while there was not markedly change in NO level of bone marrow macrophages. FS significantly inhibited NO secretion levels of spleen and bone marrow macrophages from CY-treated mice but did not affect peritoneal macrophages. FS could enhance the phagocytosis of LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages to chicken red blood cells. Conclusion FS had an impact on cell proliferation of different tissue macrophages, TNF-α and NO secretion, and phagocytic ability, which may be one of FS mechanism to regulate cellular immune function.

  Establishment and application of TaqMan-MGB fluorescence quantitative PCR for detection of pseudorabies virus 2013, 29 (17):  37-41.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3755 Abstract + ( 818 )   PDF ( 659611KB )   ( 578 ) A pairs of primers and a Taqman-MGB probes were designed and synthesized according to the the nucleotide sequence of the gE gene of pseudorabies virus(PRV) available in GenBank，and real-time TaqMan-MGB fluorescence quantitative PCR for distinguishing the wild strain and gene-deleted vaccine strain of PRV was established successfully. It was demonstrated that the established TaqMan-MGB quantitative PCR assay could detect 2.23×101 copys?μL-1 of plasmid DNA . Sensitivity and positive rate for clinical sample of TaqMan fluorescent quantitative PCR were higher than routine PCR,and its sensitivity Was 100 times higher than that of the routine PCR.,and had no cross reaction with classical swine fever virus(CSFV)，porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) ,porcine cireovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Porcine parvovirus (PPV) The 30 suspected material were detected by TaqMan-MGB fluorescence quantitative PCR and routine PCR , respectively, the positive detection rate were 40% and 33%, the coincidence rate was 90% .The real-time TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR assay which is specific，sensitive,rapid and accurate can be used for the diagnosis of PRV infection． Key words：pseudorabies virus(PRV)；TaqMan-MGB；real-time PCR

  Detection and Hereditary Variation among Regions of Chinese Sacbrood Virus 2013, 29 (17):  42-46.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4031 Abstract + ( 1007 )   PDF ( 611173KB )   ( 691 ) In order to find out the infectious status and the strains differentiation of CSBV in an Apis cerana apiary in spring season in Mengzi, Yunnan Province. The detection of the infection rate and the hereditary variation of CSBV for 57 Apis cerana austro-yunnanensis colonies by RT-PCR. The results showed that: 26 colonies were infected with CSBV in the apiary, and the infection rate was 45.6%. The occult infection rate was 31.57%, and the apparent infection rate was 14.04%. The two pairs of primers could identificate CSBV in Apis cerana austro-yunnanensis, and the second pair was better. RNA sequence variation among the populations was analysed, which displayed that Yunnan population and Chongqing population clustered a branch, and the genetic distance was 0.014. Spring season were important period for occurrence of CSBV in Mengzi, Yunnan Province. It should be taken early precautions. CSBV strains existed variation phenomenon in different regions. The genetic relationship between Yunnan population and Chongqing population was close. It was hypothesized that CSBV geographic distance and genetic distance might have a relationship.

  Epidemiological Investigation and Eimeria Species Identification of Rabbit Coccidiosis in Henan Province 2013, 29 (17):  47-51.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0035 Abstract + ( 904 )   PDF ( 749574KB )   ( 533 ) To grasp the current infection status of rabbit coccidiosis in Henan Province, 465 fecal samples were collected from 11 rabbit farms and examined with McMaster counting and saturated saline flotation methods to determine the prevalence and Eimeria species in rabbits. The results showed that the mean infection rate in rabbits was 74.6%, and mostly concurrent infection with four to six Eimeria species. The mean infection rate (83.0%) and OPG value (oocysts per gram feces, 6.8×104) in the rabbits younger than 3 months (1 to 3 months) were higher than other elder rabbits. 11 Eimeria species were detected in infected rabbits of Henan, and E. magna , E. irrestidua, E. perforans, and E. intestinalis were dominant species. These findings would provided a important reference for further effective control of rabbit coccidiosis and selecting some Eimeria species for development of precocious line vaccine.

  The Effects of Environmental Factors on the Growth and Competition of Algae 2013, 29 (17):  52-56.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0522 Abstract + ( 1164 )   PDF ( 558998KB )   ( 1096 ) In order to study the effect of environmental factors on the algae growth and competition, the author summarized overseas and domestic related researches in recent years. Most of the researches are about the influence of single factor on growth of algae. However, there are insufficient investment on the interaction of different factors and the competition between algae growth. This paper briefly introduced the classification of algae and the role they played in ecological system and focused on the influence which included temperature, illumination, nitrogen, phosphorus and pH on the growth and competition of algal. In the end, the author proposed key questions which were still needed to be studied in order to know more about the relationship between environment effects and growth and competition of algae. Therefore, people could better improve the community structure of algae and water ecological environment, and improve water primary productivity.

  The state of the business and the development policy of cold water fishes sector in Beijing pamela 2013, 29 (17):  57-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0811 Abstract + ( 755 )   PDF ( 557543KB )   ( 780 ) With the rapid development of the capital metropolis modern agriculture, the development of salmon and sturgeon sector has been accelerating, meanwhile, there are numerous problems existed. For example, restricted culture techniques; the shortage of water resource; high risks of the nature; short industry chain; insufficient processed products; low added-value products; inefficient channels of distribution; less space of profits of markets; high market risks, etc. Those factors lead to the disturb of the further development of the sturgeon and salmon sector. In order to provide help to increase the quality and the efficiency of the industry, as well as to increase the profit of the fishers, it is necessary to deeply specialize in the state of development of the sturgeon and salmon sector. Thus, it is possible to understand the state of the industry development and to analyse the main existing problems and raise policies and methods of industrialization development. Through this way, the sustainable development of sturgeon and salmon industry can possibly be fulfilled, including: utilize the advantages to create the eco-friendly brand of Beijing sturgeon and salmon; the take good use of the life cycle of the products and adopt the methods of quick sales at low price; to develop the intensive processing products in order to expand the market，etc.

  Empirical Research on the Relationship of Industry Structure and Consumption Structure: A Case Study of Chinese Fisheries 2013, 29 (17):  62-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4096 Abstract + ( 848 )   PDF ( 716929KB )   ( 996 ) This paper studied the influence that the changes of the consumption structure in China on the industrial structure, and studied the consumption structure using the information entropy method. Combined with the present situation of the fisheries industry structure, this paper drawn the conclusion that under the guidance of the consumption structure, China fisheries industry structure have been already adjusted towards to more reasonable direction. While, by comparing with the consumption structure, the fisheries industry structure still existed some problems, such as the third industry ratio was relatively low and aquatic products processing was not enough and so on. On the above basis, the paper put forward the countermeasures and suggests such as introducing technology and equipment of aquatic products processing and vigorously developing tourism, services and medical industries which were related with fishery to optimize the fisheries industry structure.

  Expression of Pseucdosciaena crocea Growth Hormone in Yeast Pichia Pastoris 2013, 29 (17):  70-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0438 Abstract + ( 1114 )   PDF ( 744804KB )   ( 680 ) This study aimed at high-yield expression of the pcGH gene which was separated from natural large yellow croaker in the yeast Pichia pastoris in order to produce amount of large yellow croaker growth hormone (Pseucdosciaena crocea, Growth Hormone, pcGH) with the feature of biological activity for further use. The pcGH gene was first cloned into the integrative expression vector of methylotrophic yeast P. Pastoris to form the recombinant vector pPIC9K-pcGH, and the linearized recombinant plasmid was then transformed into the chromosome of the HIS4 mutant yeast GS115 by electroporation, and it could finally get high-yield expression induced by methanol. SDS-PAGE confirmed that the expression product was pcGH, and it led to a level as high as of 62.5 mg/L.

  The analysis of the value chain of Beijing sturgeon industry 2013, 29 (17):  75-79.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0759 Abstract + ( 1082 )   PDF ( 599903KB )   ( 616 ) In order to promote the rapid development of Beijing sturgeon industry and optimize the industrial value chain of the sturgeon in Beijing, this paper uses the survey questionnaire method to research 40 sturgeon farms in 13 districts and counties in Beijing and 2 sturgeon breeding base, 13 large aquatic products wholesale market, and the consumers of nearly 20 large and medium-sized supermarket in Chaoyang District, Haidian District, Xicheng District, Dongcheng District in Beijing. The research shows that after nearly 20 years of the development, the value chain of Beijing sturgeon industry has been initially formed, but the superior varieties of the sturgeon, sturgeon farming techniques, deep processing of the sturgeon, the wholesale and retail, sturgeon building its own brand as well as sturgeon product sales and promotion still exist big problems. It needs to constantly optimize and improve the various segments of the value chain of Beijing sturgeon industry. Based on this, this paper is to take the first-hand data as the foundation, carries on the analysis of each link in the value chain of Beijing sturgeon industry and puts forward seven corresponding measures to optimize the value chain of Beijing sturgeon industry, so as to drive the development of Beijing sturgeon industry.

  Detection of Optimal Concentration and Time of Fluo-3 AM Loading Rat Myocardial Microvascular Endothelial Cells by Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope 2013, 29 (17):  80-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0945 Abstract + ( 1136 )   PDF ( 1318298KB )   ( 670 ) In order to explore the optimal concentration and the time of Fluo-3 AM loading adherent Rat Myocardial Microvascular Endothelial Cells (RMMECs). Fluo-3AM were diluted to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 μM/L and each concentration of the probe was mounted cells for 5, 10, 15, 20 min. Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM) was used to detect intracellular fluorescence signal. To observe the loading effect according to the fluorescence intensity, position and changes of cells morphology after loading probe. The results showed that: the fluorescence signal did not appear after loading 5 to 20 min by 1 to 3 μM/L Fluo-3AM, the fluorescence signal began to appear after loading 5 to 10 min by 4μM/L Fluo-3AM, Clear and uniform distributed fluorescence signal could be seen after loading 15 min by 5μM/L Fluo-3AM. The effect of Fluo-3AM loading adherent RMMECs was mainly affected by the concentration of probe and loading time.

  Empirical Study on the Scale and Efficiency of the Agricultural Land Operation in the Main Wheat-producing Areas of Land ——Based on the Survey of Shandong Province, Henan Province and Hebei Province 2013, 29 (17):  85-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3494 Abstract + ( 854 )   PDF ( 594256KB )   ( 521 ) In order to research the optimal scale and Efficiency of agricultural land operation, the paper constructs optimized operating farm scale model, calculates optimized operating scale using survey data of 3 main wheat producing provinces. And the scale is much larger than the current average land scale. Finally the author concludes that scale operation is the important approach to Increasing agricultural productivity and promoting agricultural modernization.

  Studies on the Distribution and Development of Predominant Agriculture Product Regions in Shanxi Province 2013, 29 (17):  90-95.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2847 Abstract + ( 805 )   PDF ( 538623KB )   ( 687 ) In order to promote the regional distribution of predominant agriculture product all over the Shanxi Province and upgrade the development level of regional agriculture, according to the differences existing in predominant agriculture product and social economic conditions of Shanxi Province, this paper puts forward development goal of the distribution predominant agriculture product regions in Shanxi province, confirms national keystone priority agriculture product industry zone, keystone producing areas development regional and the distribution and development of characteristic agricultural products in Shanxi province.

  Dynamic Change and Economic Benefit Evaluation of Construction Land of Region——Tianshui City as a Case 2013, 29 (17):  96-100.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3216 Abstract + ( 827 )   PDF ( 567689KB )   ( 505 ) With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, the quantity demanded of construction land is more and more. This paper in order to deeply understand the construction land utilization and economic benefit, alleviate the contradiction between supply and demand of land. Based on the data of construction land and social and economic of 2000-2009 years in Tianshui, using Grey relationship analysis method to analyze the dynamic change and drive factors of construction land in Tianshui, meanwhile select index factor related to construction land, making use of variation coefficient method to analysis and evaluate economic benefits of Tianshui construction land. The results indicated that, in 2000-2009, the growth of construction land in Tianshui was significantly, the main driving factors to influence increasing of construction land in Tianshui were the total population, GDP , 2 & 3 industry output value and passenger capacity; at the same time, the economic benefit of construction land also showed the trend of increased year by year. Based on the analysis of the influence factors for, to provide the reference for effective utilization of land resources and improve the economic benefit of land.

  the survey analysis on the new rural construction in undeveloped west areas of china 2013, 29 (17):  101-104.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-1361 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 505040KB )   ( 540 ) The focus and the difficulty of the new rural construction is in the underdeveloped western regions, while the successful case of less developed areas has great worth popularizing significance. This article take the Guizhou Meitan County as an example. After recognizing the particularity of the new rural construction, it has systematically analyzed and researched the first batch of new rural construction, which has 13 pilot villages, and has summarized the main development modes and has proposed some suggestions.

  Dynamics Model of Modern Brand Agriculture Growth Based on the Microeconomic View 2013, 29 (17):  105-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2383 Abstract + ( 892 )   PDF ( 727048KB )   ( 640 ) In order to analyze the main factors comprehensively that impact on modern brand agriculture growth by a scientific approach, reveal its growth patterns and predict its developing trend, the author diagnosed key drivers of brand agriculture growth by analyzing the process of production, marketing and consumption of modern brand agriculture and constructed a Brand Agriculture Growth Dynamics Model (BAGDM) based on the microeconomics equations and system dynamics modeling approaches. Applying the BAGDM, the author implemented a case study to predict the growth ability indicators change of Yantai apple and pointed out the key drivers of the growth of Yantai apple brand. The research results indicated that the BAGDM owned the abilities to meet the challenge of explaining and analyzing the dynamics mechanism of brand agriculture growth. And in the future 20 years, the growth of Yantai apple mainly will lie in the increases of sales revenue and profit and the core drivers of the growth of Yantai apple will be the maintenance, extension and innovation of its brand.

  The Research of Issues in Chinese Rural Bank Development 2013, 29 (17):  110-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0148 Abstract + ( 1201 )   PDF ( 562589KB )   ( 845 ) As a new rural financial institutions business, the rural bank is helpful in rural financing and filling the vacancy of Chinese rural finance. But there is also some hurdles in the development of rural bank. On the base of present state of Chinese rural financial and three rural banks in Jilin province, the paper had analyzed the impediment as shortage of finance resources, small-scale, promoters hard to find, poor rural financial environment, high risk etc. In the meantime, put forward series of development countermeasure.

  The Influence Research of Opportunity Cost on the Development Speed of Rural Banking 2013, 29 (17):  116-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3226 Abstract + ( 975 )   PDF ( 636318KB )   ( 624 ) Rural banking slowly developed. The supervision bureaus repeatedly adjusted policies, but had only limited effect. To explain this phenomenon, The author introduced the opportunity cost, and analyzed the effect to the optimal scale of rural banking. On the base of the hypothesis of any microeconomicagency was rational economic man, by using the method of equilibrium analysis, the author built a mathematical model to solve the determiner of effect the optimal scale of rural bank. Then he found: in the transconformation economies and developing countries, because of inadequate market competition, returns on capital wasn’t convergence between industries, so the opportunity cost had the important effect on the enterprise scale; about setting up rural banking every microeconomicagency had different rational choice; because banking financial institutions had bigger opportunity cost, they lack the desire of large scale setting up rural banking: private capital was hard to investing, and objectively they had advantage of opportunity cost on becoming the main sponsor of the rural banking. In a word, the main sponsor system was badly in need of reform. But unless introducing the economic subject having the lower opportunity cost, the rural banking can’t have a large scale development.

  Safety Supervision Mechanism of Vegetables in Retail Operations 2013, 29 (17):  123-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2894 Abstract + ( 795 )   PDF ( 558187KB )   ( 627 ) As last barrier of vegetable security, at present, China’s safety supervision of vegetables in retail operations has gradually established the system of “business supervision, self-discipline of operators, social supervision”. But there still exist such problems as poor daily supervision, imperfect prevention mechanism, lack of operators’ safety control system and inadequate implementation. The paper pointed out that the establishment of incentive system, control mechanism and social guidance mechanism can decrease the incidence rate of vegetables circulation safety risk. Furthermore, the safeguard mechanism of vegetable safety supervision can be perfected by means of asking for an increase in investment, improving the degree of retail organization and exploring suitable technical measures.

  Research of the Cooperatives Perception for Risk Impact and Response Degree 2013, 29 (17):  129-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3006 Abstract + ( 908 )   PDF ( 499634KB )   ( 528 ) Through field survey of the main potato producing areas in Qinghai cooperatives, we analyzed cooperatives which could face 16 risk factors under uncertain environment. Putting emphasis on perception of the risk impact on cooperatives and the degree which responded to: the risk of natural disasters had the highest degree, with 7.47 mean score; input supply uncertainty, government policy changes, agricultural prices fluctuations, and the quality and safety of agricultural products also had high impact degrees, which were respectively 6.67, 6.60, 6.53, 6.27. The risk of interest changes was most difficult to cope with, mean score of 3. Natural disasters risk, government policy changes risk, and agricultural products prices wave risk were also sticky to counter, the scores were low too, respectively 3.07, 3.30, 5.33. These three risks all had high impact degree on cooperatives and low degree to deal with, which were main risks for cooperatives. Cross analysis was made in 4 classes risks for finding key risk factors and location weak segments. Policy risk and production risk both had high impact degree on cooperatives and low degree to counter against. However, excluding force majeure, market risks were most important factor and weak point.

  Studies on Effective Ways to Improve the Quality of Farmers in Northwest Poverty-stricken Areas， Taking Water-saving technologies Farmer Field Schools 2013, 29 (17):  134-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3438 Abstract + ( 693 )   PDF ( 693436KB )   ( 486 ) In order to solve the problems of the low technical quality of farmers and thus restricting the sustainable economic and social development of the poverty-stricken areas of northwest China, the article, based upon intensive policy and documentary analysis, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, survey and other methods, with emphasis on analysis of the practice of four farmers' field schools (FFSs) of Wuwei City, Gansu. By summing up the successful experience of four FFSs in Wuwei City, Gansu Province, the article points out that FFSs’ unique operating mode, including the effective conversion of peasants roles, enhancing the learning atmosphere of the community, the improvement of the organization of farmers, has enhanced the difficulties faced by improving technical quality of farmers in poverty-stricken areas of northwest China. FFS is an effective extension and supplement Peasant education promotion system. In the end, the article pointed out that the sustainable developmental management and operation FFS mode is an effective way to improve quality of the farmers in poverty-stricken areas.

  Practices and Enlightment on the Forest Rights System Reform in Rural Area from the Perspective of Farmers’ Interests—— An Example in Anhui 2013, 29 (17):  140-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4064 Abstract + ( 796 )   PDF ( 483840KB )   ( 620 ) This paper started with the two land property rights reforms on forests, forest trees and forest lands in Anhui Province after the China’s reform and opening up. Subsequently from the perspective of famers’ interests, the paper reviewed the background, achievements and the existing problems of the forest rights reforms, and then drew consideration and summary on some of its characteristics and regular pattern, hoping that it may give useful lessons to the ongoing forest rights reform. The author held that the root of successful forest rights reform lay in satisfying the famers’ fundamental interests, and ensuring rights and interests was the starting and staying point of deepening the forest rights reform in rural area.

  The current situation and strategic advice on the issue of famers' entrepreneurship in China 2013, 29 (17):  146-150.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0323 Abstract + ( 1017 )   PDF ( 474481KB )   ( 724 ) Agriculture is the foundation of our national economy. In recent years, with the promotion of the urbanization, a large number of labor forces have been immigrating from the rural areas into the cities. The number of labor forces in rural areas is constantly diminishing, which makes the circulation and centralization of the agricultural resources become an irreversible tendency, providing a prerequisite for farmer entrepreneurship. Farmer entrepreneurship is an effective approach to increase farmers’ revenues, enhance their living level, establish new rural areas and therefore build a harmonious society. This document analyses the current condition of our country’s farmer entrepreneurship, summarizes the affecting factors of farmer entrepreneurship through analyzing the existing problems within farmer entrepreneurship, and proposes some countermeasures and suggestions on the acceleration of farmer entrepreneurship.

  Empirical Analysis on Income Inequality of China: Reason, Evolution and Decomposition 2013, 29 (17):  151-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0224 Abstract + ( 984 )   PDF ( 659265KB )   ( 543 ) Based on the provincial panel dataset, this paper firstly examines China income inequality and its evolution process by means of Theil indexes, and followed by decomposition of income inequality according to the regional structure and urban-rural structure. The result shows that urban-rural income inequality occupies the biggest share of income inequality in China, which account for 70% of the overall income inequality. Intra-Regional income disparities are more significant than inter-regional. In addition to following the common economic law, China’s income inequality is affected largely by economic policy. This paper also offers a proposal to speed up economy development and insist rural–preferential economic policy in order to alleviate the income inequality.

  Application of Chemical Fertilizer on Grain Yield in China Analysis of Contribution Rate——Based on Principal Component Regression C-D Production Function Model and Its Empirical Study 2013, 29 (17):  156-160.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3807 Abstract + ( 876 )   PDF ( 527491KB )   ( 1006 ) Fertilizer is an important measure for sustainable development of agriculture, fertilizers role in guarding the safety of our food is put into the other factors of production are not a substitute for, grasp the stimulation effect of chemical fertilizers from the guidance of agricultural production and to determine the scientific and effective fertilization programs have important theoretical and practical significance. This paper analyzed the chemical fertilizer use and food production relationship, selected the sown area of grain crops, the total power of agricultural machinery, the effective irrigation area, the amount of chemical fertilizer and agricultural workers for China's grain yield affecting factors. By using the principal component regression C-D production function model, calculated the input of chemical fertilizer on grain output elasticity and contribution rate. The results showed that: the use of chemical fertilizer and grain yield between strong positive correlation; 1978-2010 years of fertilizer on grain yield growth elasticity value was 0.18, the contribution rate was 20.79%, chemical fertilizer on increasing grain output elasticity and contribution and the results of previous studied phase decreased slightly, per unit mass of chemical fertilizer input to bring the actual grain yield increase the quantity decreases somewhat, but chemical fertilizer input was still an important factor in the increase of grain yield.

  The Economic Efficiency Influence of Different Mechanical Planting Patterns on Rice in Zhaoqing City 2013, 29 (17):  161-165.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0699 Abstract + ( 768 )   PDF ( 537637KB )   ( 545 ) To explore the influence of different mechanical planting patterns on the economic efficiency of rice production, from 2010 to 2012, comparison test was conducted between bowel-blanket mechanical planting, blanket-like mechanical planting, mechanical direct seeding and manual transplanting in Huaiji County Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province. Results showed that, the yield of bowel-blanket mechanical planting, blanket-like mechanical planting and mechanical direct seeding in 2010 early season rice was lower than manual transplanting, lower respectively 1.28%, 0.96% and 7.69%. And in 2011, the yield was lower respectively 0.45%, 0.67% and 8.29%, but in 2012, it increased respectively 12.52%, 11.22% and 0.00%. The daily average yield of mechanical direct seeding always was the highest from 2010 to 2012. Comparing with the manual transplanting, the cost of bowel-blanket mechanical planting, blanket-like mechanical planting and mechanical direct seeding in 2010 early season rice decreased significantly, and net profit changed respectively 2.14%, 1.43% and -10.84% . And in 2011, the cost changed respectively 2.28%, 2.28% and -5.90%, and net profit decreased respectively 3.20%, 3.68% and 10.62%. But in 2012, the cost changed respectively 2.28%, 2.28% and -5.90%, and net profit increased significantly. The results showed that, the blanket-like mechanical planting and the bowel-like mechanical planting are more suitable for rice production in Huaiji County Zhaoqing City, but the output fluctuation of mechanical direct seeding is large in different years.

  The Pollution Effect Research on Fermenting Pharmaceutical Wastewater to Aquatic Microbial Communities 2013, 29 (17):  166-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0054 Abstract + ( 789 )   PDF ( 615680KB )   ( 554 ) Based on a method of miniature animal diversity survey in polluted water and PFU indoor toxicity test, demonstrates a comparative study about the pollution effect of production wastewater in microfauna community level from a Fermenting Pharmaceutical company. The statistical analysis shows, there is a remarkably reducing effect in miniature aquatic biodiversity according to the current emission standard discharge. Using this effect, the environmental risks of fermenting pharmaceutical wastewater can be monitored and warmed early.

  Carbon, Nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometric characteristics of Flaveria bidentis in different habitats 2013, 29 (17):  171-176.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0005 Abstract + ( 954 )   PDF ( 746151KB )   ( 551 ) To analysis growth restrictive elements of Flaveria bidentis, three habitats(Ⅰwaterside, Ⅱcropland, Ⅲwasteland)were selected to study the stoichiometric characteristics and relationship of plant leaf and invaded soil. In three habitats, Invaded soil C, N, C:P, N:P were Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ, PⅠ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ, C:N Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ(P<0.05); The leaf C concentration had no significant difference, Ⅰsignificantly higher than Ⅱ and Ⅲ in N or P, but Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly higher than Ⅰin C:N, C:P, N:P (P<0.05). The soil P or C:N was significantly positive correlation with the leaf, no significant correlation with the C, C:P, N:P. The soil C was significantly positive correlation with N, no significant correlation with the C-P, N-P. The leaf N was significantly positive correlation with P, while C-N and C-P were no significant correlation. The change was synchronous between soil organic matter and N. N was growth restrictive element of F. bidentis growing in the waterside, while in the cropland or wasteland was P.

  Effects of cadmium on the hydrogen ion secretion of rhizosphere fungi of Oxyria sinensis Hemsle in abandoned lead-zinc mining area in Huize, Yunnan, China 2013, 29 (17):  177-181.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2735 Abstract + ( 1006 )   PDF ( 485075KB )   ( 639 ) The aims were to elucidate the effects of cadmium (Cd) on the hydrogen ion secretion of the rhizosphere fungi of Oxyria sinensis Hemsle in abandoned lead-zinc mining area in Huize, Yunnan Province, China, and explore the ecological role of wild plants rhizosphere fungi in mining area. The pH value of liquid medium for culturing rhizosphere fungi under Cd treatment with different concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.5, 5 mmol/L) was investigated by liquid culture methods. The results showed that: (1) there were significantly difference on hydrogen ion secretion and its responses to Cd treatment of the rhizosphere fungi between the different strains. (2) Under without Cd treatment, the pH value of liquid media for culture the rhizosphere fungi with great or weak acid producing ability was low to 4.02 or high to 8.11, respectively. (3) Cd treatments had no significant effect on pH value of liquid media for culture the rhizosphere fungi with great acid producing ability, but resulted in pH value decreased significantly of liquid media for culture the rhizosphere fungi with weak acid producing ability. The largest decline was 3.21-3.86. Significant or very significant negative correlation was observed between pH value of liquid media and Cd treatment concentrations. It indicated that the secretion of hydrogen ion by the rhizosphere fungi with weak acid producing ability would be significantly promoted by Cd treatments.

  Effects of Nitrogen Deposition and Elevated CO2 Concentration on Soil Phosphorus Content 2013, 29 (17):  182-187.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0379 Abstract + ( 1036 )   PDF ( 1052803KB )   ( 825 ) An experiment was carried out with treatments different in atmospheric CO2 concentration level (370, 550, 700 μmol/mol) and nitrogen supply [0, 5, 10 g N/(m2?a)] on the OTC (Open Top Chamber) equipment for study the effect of nitrogen deposition and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration to the content of the soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus element which were contain in the Deyeuxia angustifolia community in Sanjiang Plain. The results indicated that: elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration combined with nitrogen deposition consecutive run two growing season, there was no noticeable changing about the content of soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus on the same treatment; each treatment only affect soil phosphorus content in 0-10 cm layers had significant effect on soil phosphorus content below 2 layers. Along with the increasing of the CO2 concentration, the content of soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus in 0-10 cm layers appeared the tendency, as first increasing and then decreasing. The nitrogen added no significant effect on the soil total phosphorus content, but reduced available phosphorus content in the 0-10 cm layers. Soil total phosphorus content was closely related with soil depth, and decreased with the increase of soil depth.

  Research on the Land Use Landscape Pattern Change of Zhaoyuan County 2013, 29 (17):  188-191.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3486 Abstract + ( 714 )   PDF ( 702719KB )   ( 578 ) In order to reveal the landscape pattern evolvement of land use and for rational utilization of land in Zhaoyuan County, the paper used the Landsat TM images in 1992, 2001 and 2010, by using the theory of landscape ecology and the technology of GIS. The landscape pattern development of Zhaoyuan County in the past two decades were explored by many indices. The indices chosen were the structure of landscape, the average area of patches, patch density, landscape contagion, Shannon landscape diversity and evenness index. The results showed that, the area of cultivated land and saline land increased, while grassland, waters and wetland degrade more seriously. The landscape connectivity enhancement, the landscape fragmentation reduced and the complexity of landscape pattern reduced. The results also showed that, the landscape pattern due to the influence of human activities aggravated in Zhaoyuan County.

  Research on Suitability Evaluation of Land Reclamation of the Chensilou Coal Mine inYongcheng 2013, 29 (17):  192-197.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0195 Abstract + ( 857 )   PDF ( 1560884KB )   ( 575 ) In order to evaluate the suitability evaluation of land reclamation of the Chensilou coal mining for taking the index method and limit condition method. The study finally determined four evaluation units making use of the soil map and the current land used map and GIS software platform. According to the study area's natural, economic and social current situation and related technical standards, the paper identified the indicators of the reclamation direction of agricultural, forest, fishery. Then it was evaluated to the recalmation land of mining areas for taking the index method and limit condition method. The results suggested that, the total area of 73.7 hm2 could be divided into three parts, the area of suitable agricultural was 25 hm2, the area of suitable forest was 20 hm2, the area of suitable forest was 28.7 hm2. The study established the suitability evaluation system of land reclamation.

  Impact of Climate Warming on Permafrost in Western Liaoning 2013, 29 (17):  198-201.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3030 Abstract + ( 768 )   PDF ( 632360KB )   ( 588 ) In order to provide the basis for industrial & agricultural production and permafrost research, analyze the permafrost duration, variation characteristics at maximum depth of permafrost and response to climate warming in semi-arid region of western Liaoning based on winter climate data from 1960/1961 to 2009/2010. The results showed that: permafrost duration in the western Liaoning was obviously impacted by climate warming, the temperature tendency was 0.787℃/10 a, nearly 10 a, 3.2℃ higher than the 1960s. Under the warming environment, permafrost frozen period changed smoothly; the permafrost melting date was being ahead of time, nearly 10 a, 7 d earlier than in the 1960s; the permafrost duration was decreasing, but not obvious; permafrost maximum depth was significantly decreasing, the temperature tendency was -4.120 cm/10 a, nearly 10 a, 12 cm less than the 1960s. Air temperature, ground temperature and precipitation made the significant impact on permafrost maximum depth, there was a linear relationship between air temperature and permafrost maximum depth, when the temperature increased by 1°C, the maximum depth of permafrost would decrease by 5.74 cm. The shallowing permafrost was conducive to industrial & agricultural production, and however, it caused pest overwintering and northward movement of plague boundaries, resulting in unfavorable impact on pest control and epidemic prevention.

  Analysis on the Genesis and the Omission of Torrential Rain over Linqu on 9 July 2012 2013, 29 (17):  202-207.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3070 Abstract + ( 880 )   PDF ( 1507566KB )   ( 473 ) In order to further study the drop zone of torrential rain in Weifang and summarize the experience of forecasting torrential rain in the future, the author made especially a diagnosis about the process of the torrential rain. The author took the method and had an analysis of profile and sounding to the conventional meteorological data by using a meteorological information comprehensive analysis and processing system 3.1 and had finally an inspection of numerical weather prediction, which got the reason of production and omission of torrential rain. The results showed that: the important reason of the torrential rain with the southern Yishan and indemnity river was commonly effected by cold air brought by the middle latitude shortwave trough and the southwest warm wet airflow brought by the jet stream. It was the main reason of the omission of torrential rain that the author relied excessively on the rainfall forecast of numerical products and neglected the evolution of small scale process as well as analysis of the physical quantity field. Above all, the author could draw the conclusion that it was very important to monitor the actual weather situation and analyze all kinds of physical quantities for forecasting torrential rain. Besides, people should improve forecaster to revise the work of the numerical weather prediction.

  The Climate Index and Assessment about Drought and Flood in Maize’s Key Growth Stage in Huaibei Plain in Anhui Province 2013, 29 (17):  208-216.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3888 Abstract + ( 1015 )   PDF ( 1248803KB )   ( 601 ) To provide the scientific basis for inducting the corn production and insurance claims in Huaibei Plain, based on the precipitation data during summer maize’s growth season in Huaibei Plain from 1961 to 2010, this paper disclosed the output effect of ten-days rainfall to maize yield and its key period of time by means of integral regression method, and obtained the climate index about drought and flood in different growth stages as well as the whole period by percentile method of precipitation probability less than 20% and more than 80%, meanwhile, this paper also analyzed the area distribution of drought and flood as well as the maize yield loss and its risk distribution. The results showed that, the ten-days rainfall had more negative effect than positive effect during summer maize’s growth season in Huaibei Plain, the precipitation from tassel appearance to milky of maize had significant effect on maize’s yield, when the drought and flood could cause yield reduction of 12.6% and 16.3% respectively. In Huaibei Plain, the climate index about drought and flood in different corn stages (sowing-seeding stage, seeding-jointing stage, jointing-tassel appearance stage, tassel appearance-maturity stage and the whole period) were that, the total rainfall during the corresponding stage was ≤17.0, ≤50.0, ≤95.0, ≤110.0, ≤370.0 mm and ≥95.0, ≥235.0, ≥265.0, ≥280.0, ≥740.0 mm respectively. There was more flood than drought during maize’s growth season in Huaibei Plain, and the risk had a warp and weft distribution, the relative reduction rate caused by drought and flood in maize’s whole growth stage was -22.4% and -28.9% respectively, and in other stages the relative reduction rate was between -8% and -16%.

  Heilongjiang province soybean price fluctuation influence factors empirical analysis 2013, 29 (17):  217-221.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0244 Abstract + ( 959 )   PDF ( 576312KB )   ( 601 ) Abstract：Taking Heilongjiang as a case study of soybean price fluctuation influence factors, from supply、demand、national policy、 the effect of the international market、the market circulation of the angle of qualitative analysis, in selecting some primary influencing factors and collect data, building of Heilongjiang province soybean price fluctuation influencing factor in the multiple regression model, using SPSS software from Statistics Yearbook and in official information collection of process data to determine the impact of these factors on soybean price fluctuations, according to the final model presents the results of our province to deal with Heilongjiang province soybean price changes can take corresponding policy proposal, in order to major soybean producing areas in Heilongjiang province soybean industry better and faster development.

  Interactive Information Service Technology of Tea Industry Based on Demand-driven 2013, 29 (17):  222-226.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3825 Abstract + ( 888 )   PDF ( 611751KB )   ( 500 ) Abstract: Information service technology is a bridge between user and information resource, also is the dominant factor to weight the quality of information service. In this paper, focusing on the information service features of tea industry, the demand-driven and interaction of information service have been emphasized. User and market as the major criterion for testing the quality of information service, the interactive information service mode based on the demand-driven has been proposed to realize the maximum of information service value. Demand of user as the driving factor in the mode, bringing the interactive ideas of loop optimization on information demand and combining the push and feedback mechanism of information, the information service mechanism has further been optimized to meet the actual demand of user.

  The Design and Application of Beijing Agricultural Products Information Database 2013, 29 (17):  227-233.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3369 Abstract + ( 780 )   PDF ( 678245KB )   ( 488 ) The variety of agricultural products is the medium of the agricultural market information. And agricultural market information is the basis of agricultural market analysis, forecasting, warning. So developing and designing the agricultural products basic information database is necessary. In this paper, the overall frame design, functional modules construction and database application of the agricultural products basic information database were introduced. Especially characteristics and uses of the taxonomic retrieve module, morphology retrieve module, synthesis retrieve module, variety retrieve module terminology retrieval module and quality classification retrieval were introduced. Besides, the role of agricultural products database in the agricultural products market information collection standard, agricultural products market analysis, forecasting, and species turnover of agricultural products was analyzed in detail. The establishment of agricultural products database not only provide a reference to regulate agricultural market information collection standards but also to database development for other related industries.

  Design and Realization of a Management System for Scientific Research Achievements of Songnen Plain Based on SuperMap 2013, 29 (17):  234-238.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2872 Abstract + ( 934 )   PDF ( 527122KB )   ( 500 ) How to normatively arrange the scientific research achievements is one of the most important parts in the laboratory management. In order to achieve the informationization and standardization of scientific research achievements of Songnen plain management, with the analysis of the system requirement, a more specific system configuration and its module design are fulfilled and a scientific research achievements of Songnen plain management system is developed based on SuperMap Objects .NET 6R and SQL Server. The results showed that, the proposed system can manage and statistics the file of achievements or space information and attribute data efficiently, and has an important significance on Managing of the research achievements.

  Analysis of Factors Influencing Customers’ Online Shopping Intention of Agricultural Products Based on Sellers’ Perspective 2013, 29 (17):  239-244.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0651 Abstract + ( 874 )   PDF ( 485728KB )   ( 749 ) Factors influencing customers’ online shopping intention of agricultural products were analyzed based on 376 network survey data from the aspect of sellers. It was concluded from the factor analysis that the main factors influencing customers’ online shopping intention of agricultural products from the aspect of sellers were as follows: product satisfaction factor, usage and safety factor of the platform; logistics and price factor; corporate reputation factors; service quality factor. It was concluded from the logistics analysis that the 5 factors had a obvious positive impact on the customers’ online shopping intention of agricultural products and the contribution from big to small were arranged as follows: product satisfaction factor, usage and safety factor of the platform; logistics and price factor; service quality factor; corporate reputation factors. At the mean time, people who were younger than old ones and people who liked online shopping more were more likely to buy agricultural products online.