Current issue

• 2013 Vol.29 No.16 Published:05 June 2013

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  Effects of Different Nitrogen and Phosphorus Ratios on the Growth of Chinese Ash (Fraxinus chinensis) and Soil Properties 2013, 29 (16):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0120 Abstract + ( 872 )   PDF ( 592568KB )   ( 798 ) The “3414” partial experiment design was carried out to study the effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus ratios on the growth of Chinese ash (Fraxinus chinensis) and soil properties. The results showed that the application of N and P significantly influenced the growth of DBH (diameter at breast height) and tree height, the increment percentages of which were significantly increased in all treatments receiving N and P fertilizers, in contrast to the unfertilized control. The effect of treatment N2P2 was the best, and the second one was N2P1. Nitrogen had better effects than P to promote the growth of Chinese ash. The contents of available N and P in leaves as well as photosynthesis rate and stomatal conductance were evidently enhanced by the application of N and P, which also increase the content of available K and organic matter in soil to some extent. However, no effects were found on soil pH and salt content. Fertilizer recommended rates were simulated by the model of two-factor. The results indicated that the maximum of DBH was achieved when the rates of N and P2O5 were 0.159 and 0.0181 kg/plant, respectively. Considering the best interests, the recommended rates of N and P were 0.159 and 0.0176 kg/plant.

  Axillary Bud Induction in Pinus densiflora var. zhangwuensis 2013, 29 (16):  7-11.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0017 Abstract + ( 967 )   PDF ( 1162660KB )   ( 657 ) In order to explore the feasibility of propagating Pinus densiflora var. zhangwuensis by tissue culture, the dormant shoot buds of the species were used as explants to investigate the influence of sterilization methods, medium composition and plant growth regulators on axillary bud induction. The results showed that: the most effective sterilization treatment was rinsing the explants in 70% ethanol for 30 s following with 0.1% HgCl2 for 5 min. The optimal medium for axillary bud induction was WPM containing 2-5 mg/L BA and 30 g/L sucrose (shoot induction 50%-70%). NAA didn’t promote axillary bud induction. The new axillary shoots alternately subcultured in WPM with and without PGR elongated and proliferated well.

  Primary Study for Control of Lonsdalea Canker of Poplar 2013, 29 (16):  12-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0174 Abstract + ( 908 )   PDF ( 575371KB )   ( 706 ) To explore the method for the control of Lonsdalea canker of poplar, based on the plate dilution method, 86 bacterial strains were isolated from rhizosphere soil of trees with Lonsdalea canker of poplar. Dual culture experiments results showed that 5 bacterial strains were of antibacterial activities against the pathogen Lonsdalea quercina. Control experiments with cutting indoor and trees in the field indicated that strains P2 and P4 were more effective than the other 3 strains, and control effectiveness in field can reach to 51.8% and 48.6% respectively. Strain P2 was identified as Bacillus subtilis, and the strain P4 was Streptomyces venezuelae. Four kinds of antibiotics and 2 kinds of fungicides were used to test inhibition effectiveness against the pathogen with dual culture experiments. Zhongshengmycin and Xinzhi had no obvious antibacterial effectiveness against the pathogen whereas polyoxin, streptomycin, ethylicin and amobam had. 100-fold dilution of agricultural streptomycin had better control effectiveness, prevention rate can reach to 38.2%. The experiments provided primary an approach for control of Lonsdalea canker of poplar.

  Study on Factors Influencing Artificial Population Reconstruction of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus in Extreme Arid Area 2013, 29 (16):  18-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3843 Abstract + ( 930 )   PDF ( 563324KB )   ( 654 ) In order to discuss the artificial population reconstruction technology of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus in extreme arid area，the 45 days old container seedlings of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus were taken as test materials. Their transplant survival rates, later reservation rates and transplant seedlings growth under different site conditions, water conservation measures, transplanting times and irrigation frequencies were measured and analyzed by one way ANOVA. The results indicated that, in desert area where the years rainfall is about 110 mm (such as Minqin), site condition, planting time, water conservation measure and irrigation frequency had extremely significantly effect on their later reservation rates and growth amount of transplant seedlings (P<0.01). At same time, site condition and planting time also had very significantly influence on their transplant survival rates (P<0.01). During May early or September early, the artificial population reconstruction of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus had been planted in fixed sand dunes, sandy abandoned agricultural lands and mild salinization lands abandoned cultivation of extremely drought desert area, and their survival rates were over 90%. It was very important to take water conservation measures by covering plastic membrane immediately for transplanted container seedlings of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and add one times irrigation for 45 days old transplanted seedlings that could effectively hold back its later death, promote their quickly growth. And next year September, the reservation rate of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus artificial population exceeded 93%, and the average height of transplanted seedlings attained to 10.00 cm and their crown were greater than 5.60 cm×6.10 cm.

  Longitudinal Variation Patterns of Timber Wood Material Property, Chemical Composition and Calorific Value of Castanopsis fissa 2013, 29 (16):  24-28.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0092 Abstract + ( 842 )   PDF ( 771736KB )   ( 677 ) Using trunk analysis to collect lumber disc sample to measure the wood material property, chemical composition and calorific value for thrity-three years old planted forest of Castanopsis fissa in Huaihua Hunan Province. The wood density, fiber length, fiber width, fiber aspect ratio, calorific value, cellulose content and acid insoluble lignin content in the strain longitudinal variation law were studied in this paper. The results showed that the density of wood with tree height increased gradually declined, an average of 0.421 g/cm3, the variation range of 0.356-0.497 g/cm3, longitudinal differences reached significant level. And wood fiber length, fiber content and acid insoluble lignin content with the increase of tree height firstly increased, then decreased, the mean respectively 1174.529 μm, 53.177% and 23.661%, and the range of variation were 1063.653-1278.946 μm, 47.135%-56.654%, 21.99%-26.226%, longitudinal differences significant. Wood calorific value with tree height increased, the average value was 17474.76 kJ, variation range of 16036.06-18491.86 kJ.

  Effects of Different Rootstock Treatments on the Growth of Three Kinds of Budding of Rubber Tree 2013, 29 (16):  29-31.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4039 Abstract + ( 955 )   PDF ( 457552KB )   ( 718 ) In order to reduce nutrient consumption of budding rootstock and scion budding time, decrease sprouting employment and the cost of breeding in rubber tree seedling cultivation. In this study, the cutting and folding rootstock treatments were used to deal with three kinds of budding rootstock of rubber tree (bag of green budding, bag of mini- budding, cup of mini-budding) in production, the budding and growth of rootstock and scion were analyzed comparatively on the different rootstock treatments of rubber tree. The results showed that: (1) 2-5 times of bud picking times and 3.5-13 times of bud picking labor were decreased significantly after folding rootstock treatment for budding of rubber tree. (2) 10%-20% sprouting and surviving rates were increased significantly after folding rootstock treatment for bag of rubber tree budding, 20%-45% seedling quality was improved after cutting rootstock treatment for mini-budding of rubber tree. (3) Folding rootstock treatment would be better than cutting rootstock treatment when cultivating green budding of rubber tree, but cutting rootstock treatment would be better of mini-budding cultivation.

  Research on evaluation indicators selection of urban forest in-forest landscape 2013, 29 (16):  32-36.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0688 Abstract + ( 751 )   PDF ( 683841KB )   ( 731 ) In order to study the urban forest landscape better and solve the forest landscape evaluation, the author collected some evaluation indicators of forest landscape. Then we invited some urban forest experts to hit cent for the indexes, then adopted Grey Theory data statistics and analysis to work out a set of key indicators. Result showed that such as arbor shape, shrub shape and main color were 15 key indicators of landscape evaluation. The same time the forest landscape evaluation index system was made by morphology, color, structure and overall condition, and was good for evaluation of forest landscape.

  The Study on the Afforestation Technology in Iron Mine Dump 2013, 29 (16):  37-40.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4196 Abstract + ( 848 )   PDF ( 480033KB )   ( 769 ) According to the environment of excessive gravels and absent soil in iron mine dump, the afforestation technology was studied in eastern Hebei Province. The test of fish-scale pits, carrying soil and temporary container seedling were developed. It showed that survival and growth were better which of Syringa oblata and Parthenocissus oricuspidata which were grew into plastic container of 18 cm×14 cm. The afforestation survival rate were 82% and 97%. The afforestation survival rate of Robinia pseudoacacia was only 60%, which was grew into plastic container of 26 cm×21 cm. The Syringa oblata and Parthenocissus oricuspidata had better effect than Robinia pseudoacacia.

  Forestry Investigation Division in the Forest Fire Danger Weather Forecast Level Application 2013, 29 (16):  41-44.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4190 Abstract + ( 1160 )   PDF ( 1881630KB )   ( 725 ) In order to further enhance the forest fire danger rating forecast and provides new ideas for national forest fire forecast, the paper combined the fire weather level and forestry investigation division constructing the Inner Mongolia forest fire danger rating, This method changes the only based on fire weather divided the forest fire danger rating in the past, add the species composition, burning agricultural population density, and road network density and fireproof period meteorological elements, etc. Completed the meteorological elements and underlying surface forest resources, completed the fire weather level in the forestry investigation division redistribution. The result indicated that in Inner Mongolia forest Ⅲ stage area the actual forest fire forecast should up a level, Ⅲ stage area should down a level. There was no forest resources distribution and combination area should down two level.

  Corylus heterophylla Fisch.×Corylus avellana L. in Ili Area 2013, 29 (16):  45-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3607 Abstract + ( 770 )   PDF ( 478843KB )   ( 653 ) In order to investigate and analyze the present cultivation state and habitat condition of Corylus heterophylla Fisch.×Corylus avellana L. in Ili. 5 hazelnut orchards which were 1-7 years old were investigated based on field survey in Chabuchar, HuoCheng and YiNing County in Ili area. The results showed that: there were significant differences existing between the cultivation and management. Among them, the 0.067 hm2 hazelnut orchards which was 6 years old in Ningguxinniulu village, town of Chabuchar County with higher levels of management, its average height, average DBH, average shoot length were 2.36 m, 16.25 cm, 33.8 cm, 0.48 cm respectively, with yield of 133 kg in the year of 2011, and the total income was RMB. 7980. Compared with 0.67 hm2 hazelnut orchards which were 6 years old in Shangwugong Villages, town of YiNing County, with yield of 90 kg in the same year, the total income only was RMB.4050. The reason was that the extensive management and less input. The cultivation and development of Corylus heterophylla Fisch.×Corylus avellana L. in Ili area should be purchase seedlings from local area, make great efforts to improve management level, improve the quality of seedlings and their yield, so as to drive the development of regional economy.

  ,Quantitative Classification and Ordination of Plant Communities in Ebinur Lake Wetland Nature Reserve 2013, 29 (16):  49-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4158 Abstract + ( 963 )   PDF ( 641581KB )   ( 712 ) ,According to 25 major vegetation in 47 sampling plot presence-absence data from Ebinur Lake wetland nature reserve in Xinjiang, the methods of TWINSPAN and DCA were respectively employed to analyze quantitative classification and ordination of the main plants. The results showed that the main plant species in Ebinur Lake wetland was classified into eight community types by TWINSPAN, and the habitats were similar with each community. The first axis of DCA ordination expresses the gradients of soil humidity, while the second one depicts the height change of elevation. The results of TWINSPAN were corresponding to those of DCA, which indicated that both the methods have good performance in handling the vegetation sparsely in Ebinur Lake wetland. Additionally, it is more practical value to study the lake wetland restoration and protection of plant diversity in arid areas.

  Effects of Enclosure on Revegetation of Degradation Swamp Wetland in Hequ Stud-farm 2013, 29 (16):  54-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4156 Abstract + ( 918 )   PDF ( 523121KB )   ( 637 ) Based on the survey of plant community of degradation swamp wetland with different enclosed years, in Hequ stud-farm. The rule of species diversity and above-ground biomass was analyzed by the species dominance indices, richness indices, shannon-wiener diversity indices and evenness indices. Results indicated that: 1) The above-ground biomass had the trend of increasing with the longer enclosed time, but got the maximum after 2 years, and then decreasing.2) With the longer enclosed time, the dominance indices dropping off, richness indices almost no change, while the shannon-wiener diversity indices and evenness indices increasing. It means that the species diversity gradually increasing.3) There was a positive linear relationship between the evenness indices and shannon-wiener diversity indices. Evenness was an important factor to increase species diversity under the premise that the number of species in a certain range.

  Research Progress and Future Development on Substituted Medium in Tobacco Floating-bed Seedling Nursing System 2013, 29 (16):  58-62.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3834 Abstract + ( 1034 )   PDF ( 569542KB )   ( 873 ) The properties of medium such as peat, vermiculite, carbonized chaff, corn straw in tobacco floating system was summarized in this paper. The physical properties of substituted medium such as soil bulk density, particle size, porosity were evaluated. The chemical properties such as cation exchange capacity, pH and humic acid were discussed. The agronomic traits and physiological-biochemical indexes of tobacco seedlings which reflected biological properties of the medium were described. The effects of inorganic substituted medium such as sand, fly ash and organic substituted medium such as peanut bran, carbonized chaff, corn straw, vermicompost, mushroom residue were summarized. The future development of substituted medium including the screening, the establishment of standards, the addition of microorganism in tobacco breeding system was suggested.

  Progress in Application of Germplasm Identification and Fingerprinting of Dendrobium Species 2013, 29 (16):  63-68.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3827 Abstract + ( 1181 )   PDF ( 542622KB )   ( 1261 ) In order to identify the germplasm sources, fake and inferior Dendrobium in the market, multiple methods have been applied in identification of Dendrobium germplasm. In the paper, characteristics and applications of the morphological, microstructure, cytological, palynological, chemical fingerprinting and DNA fingerprinting methods were reviewed. It was found that fingerprintings were effective for discrimination the germplasm and geo-herbalism of Dendrobium, and medicinal material quality control, while the criterions and evaluation system of fingerprintings should be further completed, and it was necessary to focus on the aspects of reasonable evaluation and utilization wild resources, combination of fingerprintings and pharmacological action, genetic improvement and gene cloning for the future research in Dendrobium.

  Chemical Forms of Cadmium in the Different Tobacco Cultivars Under Cd Stress 2013, 29 (16):  69-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3670 Abstract + ( 973 )   PDF ( 514254KB )   ( 681 ) Pot experiment was carried out to test the differences of Cd chemical forms among different tobacco Cultivars. The Cd forms in plants shows that the FHAC proportion is highest in root, FHAC proportion decreased and FNaCl increased in stem, while tha FNaCl proportion becomes highest in leaf, which shoed the different mechanisms of cadmium tolerance in the roots, stems and leaves of tobacco. With the increase of Cd in soil, the content of every form of Cd also increased. The FHAC proportion in root of high accumulator is higher than thatof low accumulators and the FW, FNacl proportion is lower than thatof low accumulators. The FNacl proportion in leaf of tolerance accumulator is higher and Fw of tolerante accumulator is lower than that of sensitive accumulators. It implies that the complex of cadmium and protein might be the reason why some tobacco cultivars are tolerant to cadmium. the complex of cadmium and protein is transported from cytoplasm to vacuole, which is compartmented in the vacuole.

  Effects of Supplementary Illumination at Night on Hormones Content and Nutrient Absorption of Cucumber Seedlings 2013, 29 (16):  74-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3699 Abstract + ( 970 )   PDF ( 678786KB )   ( 638 ) Effects of supplementary illumination 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h at night on growth, endogenous hormones content and nutrient absorption of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings (‘Jinyan 4’) were studied to probe the role and mechanism of supplementary illumination in breeding seedlings. The results showed that: compared with the control (supplementary illumination 0 h) dry weight, leaf area, R/S, seedling index, mineral elements accumulation, indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), (ZR+GA3+IAA)/ABA and root activity increased under supplementary illumination, while abscisic acid (ABA) decreased, and the changes of these indicators were more pronounced as the supplementary illumination time prolonging. Zeatin riboside (ZR) content firstly increased, then decreased with the supplementary illumination time prolonging, and it is the highest when supplementary illumination time was 6 h. These results suggested that supplementary illumination at night can promote the growth of cucumber seedlings, and that was connect with the changes of endogenous hormone content, root activity and accumulation of mineral elements.

  Determination of Salt-tolerance of Transgenic Tomato with ER-sHSP Gene 2013, 29 (16):  79-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4082 Abstract + ( 821 )   PDF ( 904427KB )   ( 731 ) It is well known that plant heat shock proteins (HSPs) play important roles in response to adverse environmental conditions and there are cross-resistant mechanisms in their functions. We previously demonstrated that overexpressing ER-sHSP in transgenic tomato highly enhanced their abilities against cold stress. To continue improve our understanding about the physiological function of ER-sHSP, we assessed the salt-resistant ability of transgenic tomato plants under salt stress. Results showed that transgenic lines possessed higher fresh and dry weight, more proline content, higher SOD activity, lower MDA content, and lower relative electrical leakage. Transformed lines showed obvious resistance to salt stress compared to the non-transgenic lines. These results indicated that overexpression of ER-sHSP enhanced tolerance of transgenic tomato plants to salt stress.

  Response of spectral characteristics to biochemical parameters under the stress of tomato yellow leaf curl virus 2013, 29 (16):  84-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3622 Abstract + ( 903 )   PDF ( 669860KB )   ( 630 ) In this study, we analyzed the change trend of biochemical parameters, vegetation indices and spectral reflectance characteristic between susceptible and resistant varieties of tomatoes under the stress of tomato yellow leaf curl virus stress. The significances of biochemical parameters, vegetation indices and spectral reflectance characteristic were tested. All the biochemical parameters including lignin, PPO, PAL, TAL, total phenols were increased according to sampling time. The significance test showed that the spectral reflectance characteristic containing the reflectance at 480 nm, 552 nm and 680 nm, NDVI, GNDVI, BNDVI, GRNDVI, GBNDVI, RBNDVI, PNDVI had significant difference. Normalized correlation analysis was used to analysis the correlation among vegetation indices, spectral reflectance characteristic and biochemical parameters. The results showed that the best fitting between the lignin and spectral reflectance characteristic (vegetation indices, spectral reflectance), which included RVI, NDVI, GRNDVI, GNDVI, GBNDVI, RBNDVI, PNDVI and spectral reflectance at 480nm and 552 nm.

  Effect of Low Temperature Stress on Proline Accumulation and the Activities of the Key Enzymes Involved in the Proline Metabolism in Leaves of Tomato Seedling 2013, 29 (16):  90-95.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4000 Abstract + ( 1104 )   PDF ( 845070KB )   ( 1004 ) In order to study the effects of low temperature stress on proline accumulation and the activities of the key enzymes involved in the proline metabolism, explore the relationship between proline metabolism and cold resistance, the experiment focused on determination of free proline content, pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) activity, ornithine-oxo-acid transaminase (8-0AT) activity, proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) activity, and analysis of dynamic changes of these indexes. Three tomato varieties, ‘Naiyun 2000’, ‘Jingle 502’, ‘O-33-1’, were used as the experimental materials. The results showed that the free proline accumulation increased and then decreased under low temperature stress, and the average proline content were lower in cold-sensitive ‘Naiyun 2000’, which can reflected the strength of cold resistance of tomato. Along with the increasing time of stress, the changes of P5CS activity and 8-0AT activity showed just same as the tendency of free proline. The ProDH activity increased obviously after one day while the free proline content decreased, and then showed a trend of decreased at first and then decreased which was contrary to the accumulation of free proline.

  Detection of sensitivities of two common tomato pathogenic fungi to several fungicides 2013, 29 (16):  96-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3612 Abstract + ( 982 )   PDF ( 556959KB )   ( 690 ) By determining EC50 values, the sensitivities of two tomato pathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans) to several fungicides were tested. The results showed that Alternaria solani were sensitive to 25% SYP-2048 EC and 25% prochloraz EC and intermediate resistant to 50% procymidone WP、0.3% eugenol SL and 10% polyoxin B WP；Phytophthora infestans were sensitive to 25% SYP-2048 EC only and intermediate resistant to 25% prochloraz EC、0.3% eugenol SL、10% polyoxin B WP and highly resistant to 50% procymidone WP; two pathogen fungi were both relatively sensitive to 2×108cfu/g Trichoderma viride WP and 8×109cfu/ml Bacillus subtilis AS, the EC50 values were less than 1×108cfu/L.

  Relationship Between Changes of Nutrients, Ions and Soil Acidification in Different Continuous Cropping Years of Hot Pepper Greenhouse Soils 2013, 29 (16):  100-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-2214 Abstract + ( 922 )   PDF ( 601107KB )   ( 730 ) To study the relationship between soil nutrients, ions and acidification of greenhouse pepper in Huai’an district of Jiangsu Province. Choosing the adjacent open field of wheat-pepper rotation as the reference, the pH, nutrient and ions in different continuous cropping years of pepper greenhouses soil were determined. Effect of continuous cropping years on soil nutrients and ions content, and the relationship between changes of nutrients, ions and soil acidification were studied through the correlation analysis, principal component analysis. Our results showed that with the cropping years increasing, soil pH was decreased and those values in continuous cropping years of pepper greenhouses soils were lower than those of the adjacent open field of wheat-pepper rotation. The contents of soil nutrients and ions in continuous cropping soil of hot pepper were higher than those of control, and the correlation of soil nutrients (organic matter, total N, total P, available K, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-) between pH was significant (P<0.05). Principal component analysis showed that the soil nutrients (organic matter, total N, total P, available K, Cl-, SO42- and NO3-) in continuous cropping soil could affect the acidification level of soil. Therefore, continuous cropping using pepper will cause soil acidification, the accumulation of soil nutrients might be the main reason of the acidification in pepper continuous soil.

  effects of exogenous antioxidants on the antioxidative function in apple pericarp tissue under high temperature and irradiance stress1 2013, 29 (16):  106-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3602 Abstract + ( 826 )   PDF ( 564686KB )   ( 605 ) Different kinds of exogenous antioxidants on the activity of ascorbate peroxidase(APX) ,superoxide dismutase(SOD) and the content of vitamin c (VC) in apple pericarp tissue were carried out in this paper. The results showed that: Under high temperature stress, the activity of APX , SOD , and VC content were improved significantly; it showed that after implementation of antioxidant, the ability of total antioxygen capacity in apple pericarp tissue was improved,. Especially after using the application of compound antioxidant..

  Study on Physiological Activity and Pollination Characteristic of Stigma and Pollen of ‘Dangshan suli’ 2013, 29 (16):  110-114.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3525 Abstract + ( 853 )   PDF ( 621336KB )   ( 717 ) Using the semi-vitro culture and benzidine-H2O2 methods to study the pollen germination characteristic and stigma receptivity of ‘Dangshan suli’, through the research of optimal period of pollination and the fruit set percentage of seven pollination treatments to study pollination characteristic of pear. The results showed that: the optimal time of stigma activity was at 11:00-15:00 in each day after flowering，the optimal period of pollination of the stigma was the 4th to 5th day after flowering. The optimal temperatures of pollen germination and growth of pollen tube were 25℃ and 22-25℃ respectively, the percentage of pollen germination and the length of pollen tube would be increased as time increase at the same temperature. Fruit set percentage of flowers of seven pollination treatments, the fruit set percentage without insects’ pollinating was 0.48%-0.44%, fruit set percentage with natural pollination and artificial pollination were 2.83% and 13.05% respectively, fruit-set percentage with bees’ pollination for treatment of ‘Dangshan suli’ versus ‘Xuehuali’ was 32.95%, and fruit set percentage of the fresh pollen and commodity pollen was 70.2% and 13.05% respectively. It is showed that ‘Dangshan suli’ was entomophilous and cross-pollinating fruit tree, and bees could pollinate for ‘Dangshan suli’ to improve the fruit set percentage of it when the stigma activity was in the highest period. Through the research of physiological activity of floral organ and fruit set habit, we also could provide the basic information of pollination and production for ‘Dangshan suli’.

  Studies on the Induction of Stenospermocarpy in Litchi of Different Embryonic Development Cultivars 2013, 29 (16):  115-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3435 Abstract + ( 2085 )   PDF ( 512005KB )   ( 5146 ) To develop a technique for improving the ratio of abortive seeds and quality, the normal seed cultivar ‘Heiye’ and partial abortive seed cultivar ‘Lingshan Xiangli’ were treated with different concentration of MH (maleic hydrazide) and some other plant growth regulators such as 2,4-D, BONA or CPPU to study the effect to the ratio of abortive seeds and yield. The results showed that the ratio of abortive seeds was increased with the increasing of MH concentration, but the yield was decreased simultaneously. The suitable concentration of MH was 600-800 mg/L in the induction of stenospermocarpy. 2,4-D and MH was the best treatment in inducing stenospermocarpy in this study. The reaction to the plant growth regulators was different between ‘Heiye’ and ‘Lingshan Xiangli’. The ratio of induced abortive seed in ‘Lingshan Xiangli’ was 89.77%, only was 8.79% in ‘Heiye’.

  Study on Chilling Requirement of Floricane Raspberry and Blackberry Cultivars and Artificial Methods of Breaking Dormancy 2013, 29 (16):  119-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3618 Abstract + ( 1150 )   PDF ( 560106KB )   ( 1313 ) 0-7.2℃model was used as estimation of the chilling requirement（CR）for bud of 11 floricane raspberry（Rubus idaeus L.）and blackberry(Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars in order to provide references for protected cultivation. These 11 cultivars were treated in 5℃ constant temperature cold storage. At the same time, we studied techniques of chemical dormancy breaking on other two floricane raspberry cultivars. The results showed that: the chilling requirement of different raspberries and blackberries were significantly different as variety，ecological environment, temperature during dormancy stage and development situations of floricane varied. The CR data changed from less than 672h to 1344h.Among the 11 raspberry and blackberry cultivars, those with low chilling requirement (less than 672h) were ‘Bristol’ and ‘Shawnee’, those with high chilling requirement (1344h) was ‘Reveille’, and the rest were between them. The different concentration had different effects in breaking different bud dormancy of raspberry cultivars. The range of effective concentration of GA3 treatment on ‘Xia 17’was wide; while H2NCN treatment behaved well just as 0.1% and 0.3% treatment ,and it would become worse, or even poisoned, when more than 0.5%.However, the effects of all these treatments on ‘Xia 19’ were not so obvious compared with control check.

  Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Michelia champaca during Florescence and Flower Senescence 2013, 29 (16):  125-128.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3647 Abstract + ( 922 )   PDF ( 804218KB )   ( 533 ) The physiological and biochemical response of Michelia champaca flowers during the process of flower opening and fading. The petals of M. Champaca at different developmental stages were used as materials to observe the changes of morphological characteristics and determine the indexes of dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD) activity and soluble protein content.The results showed that the average vase life of M. champaca cut shoots was 8.5 days. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in petals increased first and then declined during flower opening and fading, and reached highest at full blossom stage. The activity of peroxidase (POD) increased with flowering and fading. Soluble protein content in petal gradually rose at the beginning of flowering, and then rapidly declined after petal colour changing stage. The decreasing of activity of antioxidant enzymes in petal tissue might be the causal factor of senescence of M. champaca flowers.

  Effects of Salt Stress on Growth and Cichoric Acid Content of Echinacea purpurea 2013, 29 (16):  129-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4009 Abstract + ( 866 )   PDF ( 685598KB )   ( 762 ) To study the effects of NaCl on the growth and cichoric acid content of Echinacea purpurea, 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mmol?L-1 NaCl were treated to E. purpurea cultivated in garden soil, and salt injury index, fresh weight, dry weight and cichoric acid content were determined. The results showed that: with the increase of NaCl concentration, salt injury index increased as well; less or equal than 120 mmol?L-1 NaCl did not bring obvious influence to the fresh weight of E. purpurea, while 150 mmol?L-1 NaCl markedly decreased their fresh weight; the dry weight of E. purpurea reduced gradually as salt concentration rose; cichoric acid content increased first and then decreased with the increase of salt concentration, getting to the maximum value at 90 mmol?L-1 NaCl level; cichoric acid production per plant showed no significant change between 0 and 60 mmol?L-1 NaCl, increased significantly at 90 mmol?L-1 and then decreased obviously. Although salt stress caused a certain degree of salt damage to E. purpurea, it increased cichoric acid content within a certain salt concentration (0~90 mmol?L-1）.

  GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oils from 2 Asteraceae Invasive Plants in Tropical Area 2013, 29 (16):  135-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3586 Abstract + ( 1233 )   PDF ( 611065KB )   ( 718 ) To study the development and utilization of Tithonia diversifolia and Ageratum conyzoides, constituents of essential oils extracted by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) from these two plants were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that 66 compounds were identified. The common components were 3-Hexen-1-ol, α-Pinene, Camphene, β-Pinene, α-Terpinene, Limonene, Terpinolene, α-Copaene, β-Bourbonene, β-Caryophyllene, Precocene I, Germacrene-D, Cubenol, Elemol, Nerolidol, Germacrene D-4-ol, Caryophyllene oxide, Cubenol and Tau Cadinol. Many constituents of essential oils from these 2 invasive plants could have a high value when used as medicines.

  Application of GGE Biplot Analysis Cold Resistant Flue-cured Tobacco Variety Regional Test 2013, 29 (16):  139-142.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3799 Abstract + ( 687 )   PDF ( 521733KB )   ( 546 ) Using 2012 cold resistant flue-cured tobacco varieties regional trial in Nanping City, the average yield and average output value of all varieties in three different test points, After the data environment centered，To the GGE biplot map form described the performance of the varieties tested at each test point, the relationship between environmental points, the areas of the distinguish between discrimination and representative and the tested varieties mean vs. stability, The results show that:（1）CB-1 variety in Yanping the trial point average yield, the average output value of the highest, NF-1 strain in Shaowu, Pucheng test point average highest value; （2）Close positive correlation between test points in Shaowu and Pucheng, both with the Yanping test point showed a negative correlation；（3）Yanping, Pucheng, Shaowu each test point has strong ability to distinguish between the varieties tested, As Cold resistant varieties screening test points, Pucheng and Shaowu has the fairly typical;（4）Five varieties tested the performance of high-yield, high value and stable strain of NF-2, NF-1 performance relative yield and stable strain.

  Effects of Different Organic Fertilizers on Growing, Yield and Output Value of ‘Honghuadajinyuan’ 2013, 29 (16):  143-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3714 Abstract + ( 909 )   PDF ( 540256KB )   ( 797 ) This test was carried out in Baoshan in order to provide theoretical references for the organic fertilizer applying properly. The effect of three kinds of organic fertilizers (oil cake, farm manure and straw stalk) and the different amount of application on growing, yield and output value of Hongda was researched. The results show that: The growth vigor was weakened with the amount of farm manure increased. Using straw stalk was not good in the prior period, but with the amount increasing, the growth vigor was enhanced after budding stage. Meanwhile the differences in growing vigor of different amount of oil cake were not significant. Compared in economical character, there were significant differences of yield between different treatments, but opposite to output value, average price and rate of first class of flue-cured tobacco. Yield and output value showed a trend of reducing with the amount of farm manure increasing, but average price and rate of first class of flue-cured tobacco increased. However as the increasing of amount of oil cake the economical characters increased at the beginning but reduced after. The effect of different amounts of straw stalk showed low yield and high average price. Compared to compound fertilizer output value of straw stalk was lower obviously. In a word, the economical characters were batter with using oil cake 150-300 kg/hm2 and using farm manure 7500-15000kg/hm2.

  Effects of Different Substrate Formulas on Fruit Quality and Yield of Tomato 2013, 29 (16):  149-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3684 Abstract + ( 858 )   PDF ( 582806KB )   ( 844 ) In order to solve the problems of non cultivated land area cultivated vegetable. Using mushroom residue, wheat straw, jerusalem artichoke straw, rape straw, river sand, cattle manure, sheep manure for experiment material, different substrate formulas to effects of tomato were studied in greenhouse. The results showed that the fruit quality and yield of tomato of substrate formulas A(cattle manure), C(mushroom residue: wheat straw: river sand=4:4:2) and L(cattle manure: sheep manure: river sand=4:4:2) were better than others substrate formulas, all their yield reached above 78.03 t/hm2 and were significantly greater than yield of others substrate formulas. Permeability and nutritional components of A(cattle manure), C(mushroom residue: wheat straw: river sand=4:4:2) and L(cattle manure: sheep manure: river sand=4:4:2) were suitable for nutrition absorption of tomato root and plant growth. Therefore, substrate formulas A(cattle manure), C(mushroom residue: wheat straw: river sand=4:4:2) and L(cattle manure: sheep manure: river sand=4:4:2) could be used as non cultivated land area tomato cultivation substrate formula in greenhouse in Qinghai.

  The Apple Flowering Frost Damage Risk Zoning Down-scaling Based on County Level 2013, 29 (16):  153-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3694 Abstract + ( 869 )   PDF ( 872886KB )   ( 710 ) In order to use climate resources effectively and pursue the interests while avoiding disadvantages, planning and development Shaanxi apple industry reasonably, and promoting apple planting layout optimization and product healthfully and sustainably in county level. According to the relationship of flowering temperature of 5 apple plant counties which on behalf of the apple planting base its weather stations and it’s regional automatic weather stations, applying transplanting probability, borrowing the florescence temperature data from 1971 to 2012 of 5 apple plant counties’ weather stations, calculated and get the apple’ flowering frost damage probability of different levels of 5 apple plant counties’ weather stations and it’s regional automatic weather stations. According to the analyzing results of 100 historical disaster cases of apple, endowing 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 as mild, moderate, severe apple florescence frost damage’ loss coefficients. On the basis of the fundamental and model of climate hazard risk, the author calculated and get the apple’ flowering frost damage risk index of 5 apple plant counties’ weather stations and it’s regional automatic weather stations, and based on GIS system produced the apple flowering frost damage risk maps down-scaling of 5 apple plant counties.

  Discussion on Classification Criterion of Reflorescence for Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai in South China 2013, 29 (16):  159-162.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3536 Abstract + ( 779 )   PDF ( 534490KB )   ( 632 ) In order to determine the classification criterion of reflorescence, a comprehensive survey of reflorescence of Hosui cultivar were accomplished in 2010-2012. The results formed a new classification criterion II with a great improvement upon the old classification criterion I. The author studied the relationship between classification criterion I and classification criterion II, and the relationship between the rate of reflorescence and classification criterion. The analysis of coefficients showed that: no significant differences were observed in the rate of reflorescence (rate of reflorescence＞45) between the two classification criterion and significant differences were observed in the rate of reflorescence (rate of reflorescence＜45). The rate of reflorescence of classification criterion I was higher, while the rate of reflorescence of classification criterion II was lower. The author also summarized the accurate and practical structure model with classification criterion II.

  Exploring of the Suitable Initial Culture in the Fast Reproduction System of ‘Dwarf Yunong Rootstock No.1’ of Prunus persica 2013, 29 (16):  163-166.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3605 Abstract + ( 777 )   PDF ( 501853KB )   ( 626 ) Explants of ‘dwarf Yunong rootstock No.1’ stem segments were cultured in vitro to select the most suitable initial culture. The MS was selected as the basic culture, plus different contents of IBA and 6-BA. By screening of different complete medium, and seeking the suitable initial culture which could improve germination rate of ‘dwarf Yunong rootstock No.1’, to establish the basis for peach ‘dwarf Yunong rootstock No.1’ rapid propogation system. The results showed that: the most suitable initial culture in the fast reproduction system was MS+1.6 mg/L 6-BA+0.4 mg/L IBA, and the bud induction was rising with the increase of the contents of hormone in the scope with IBA 0.1-1.0 mg/L, 6-BA 0.8-1.6 mg/L. In a word, the most suitable medium for the bud induction of stem segments was MS+1.6 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.4 mg/L IBA.

  The Distribution of Yield and Comparison of Fruit Quality of the Small and Sparse Canopy Shape of Chinese Jujube 2013, 29 (16):  167-170.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3773 Abstract + ( 808 )   PDF ( 532393KB )   ( 793 ) In order to explore the structure characteristics, yield distribution and fruit quality of the small and sparse canopy shape of Chinese Jujube, so as to provide theoretical support for jujube tree pruning. The author took Chinese jujube ‘Luzao2’ as experiment materials, and discussed on the individual structure, growth characteristics, the distribution of yield, and differences of fruit quality of the small and sparse canopy shape. The results showed that: the yield major distribution layer of small and sparse canopy shape was intermediate canopy, the number of fruit and shedding shoot of jujube was largest, but the fruitful shoot ratio was lower than other two canopy, mean fruit weight of the lower canopy was heaviest, the SPAD of chlorophyll, leaf area, the length of shedding shoot of jujube, soluble solids of the upper canopy was higher than the lower canopy. The jujube small and sparse canopy shape pruning, strictly controlled the vegetative growth of the upper canopy, properly controlled the lateral branch length of the middle canopy, scaling the lateral branch of the lower canopy, which could improve the quality and yield of fruit.

  Experiments of Seven Insecticides Effects on the Prevention and Control of Tessaratoma papillosa Drury 2013, 29 (16):  171-174.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0031 Abstract + ( 938 )   PDF ( 500676KB )   ( 851 ) To find out the high-efficiency, long time-efficiency and safe insecticides to the Tessaratoma papillosa Drury, seven kinds of insecticides were evaluated through both laboratory toxicity tests and field trials. The results showed the 1000 times of 30% trichlorfon EC and the 2000 times of 5% regent (fipronil) suspension possessed comparatively satisfied and stable effects on Tessaratoma papillosa Drury. After using these two pesticides in the laboratory for 72 h, the corrected mortality of Tessaratoma papillosa Drury adults amounted to 100% and 98.35% respectively. After using these two insecticides for 1 d, 3 d and 7 d in the field, Tessaratoma papillosa Drury's population decline rate and field control effect were above 90%. Also, the 1000 times of 10% imidacloprid WP, the 2000 times of 52.25% chlorpyrifos and the 3000 times of 2.5% deltamethrin EC showed a good control efficiency on Tessaratoma papillosa Drury, which could make the correct mortality reached to 96.65%, 95.00% and 93.35% respectively after used for 72 h in the laboratory. Meanwhile, the effects of these three insecticides on Tessaratoma papillosa Drury’s population decline rate and field control efficiency were above 90% after used for 3 d and 7 d in the field.

  Testing Methods of Seed Quality for Sophona flavescens 2013, 29 (16):  175-180.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3716 Abstract + ( 1005 )   PDF ( 721515KB )   ( 645 ) Abstract: Obiective：To control the seed quality market, a study on the seed determination practice in Sophona flavescens was carried out. Method:Referring to the requirements and methods of the Specifications for Agricultural Seed Testing，seven quality indicators of Sophona flavescens seeds were tested including purity analysis，weight of 1000 seeds，verification of genuineness，moisture content，percentage germination，seed viability. Result and conclusion:The seed testing methods in Sophona flavescens was established.

  A Field Survey and Control Efficacy Test of Grape Downy Mildew 2013, 29 (16):  181-185.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3584 Abstract + ( 1195 )   PDF ( 576900KB )   ( 1271 ) Grape downy mildew is one of the most serious diseases in many vineyards in China. In 2012, a survey of grape downy mildew on 30 different grape cultivars had been conducted in Beijing vineyards. And these grape cultivars, based on their disease indexes, were classified and evaluated by significance and cluster analysis. It was showed that: 30 table cultivars could be divided into 4 groups: group 1, Kaiotome，87-1, Jingzaojing, Black Olympia, Benifuji, Otilia Seedless and Beniizuand, appeared the highest disease index (61.63-49.96); group 2, Jasimine, Yellow Rose, Autumn Black, Yatomi Rosa, Ryuho, Calmeria and Ruby Seedless, appeared higher (44.91-28.56); group 3, Hongshuangwei, Muscat Hamburg, Rizamat, Wuhezaohong, Centennial Seedless, Alexander and Italia, appeared medium (23.86-12.64); group f4, Queen of Vineyard, Kyoho, Xiangfei, Wink, Zuijinxiang, Fujiminori, Blush Seedless, Summer Black and Dawn Seedless, appeared the lowest disease index (10.47-3.78). In addition, the efficacy of 6 fungicides treatments for control of the disease was compared in field. It showed that: 6 fungicides all had good effectiveness, and among them, Mancozeb, Bouillie Bordelaise RSR and Chlorothalonil had best effectiveness and their control effects were 87.23%-76.48%.The results would be import direction for the management of grape downy mildew by using the resistant cultivars and efficacious fungicides.Key words: grape downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola); cultivar; disease index; control efficacy

  Present Situation Investigation of Pollination for Asian Sacred Lotus in Jiangxi Province, Hunan Province and Hubei Province 2013, 29 (16):  186-191.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3617 Abstract + ( 1075 )   PDF ( 1401258KB )   ( 767 ) In order to realize present situation of Asian sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn), beekeepers who collected lotus pollen and lotus growers were interviewed with following aspects on July 5-11, 2012: ways of beekeeping and managing bees, income of beekeepers and lotus growers, necessity of bee pollination for lotus, meanwhile numbers and species of wild pollinators for lotus among three provinces were investigated. Results indicated that, there were fewer numbers and species of wild pollinators for lotus in three provinces, main wild pollinators were Hymenoptera insects as follows: Xylocopa sinensis Smith, Xylocopa valga Gestaecker, Xylocopa appendiculata Smith, Halictus aerarius Smith, Halictus subopacus Smith and so on, so high yield of lotus seed should be depended on bee pollination, bee pollination was more conducive to beekeepers and lotus growers to obtain higher yields. The best time of bee collecting lotus pollen was 5:00-8:00; temperature and wind-force were the main factors which affect the bee collection lotus. The price fluctuation of lotus pollen was influenced by natural disaster, marketing channel and supply-demand relationship. Beekeepers’ age structure presented aging trend.

  Basal Blotch Morphology in the Petal of the Northwest Peony Cultivars 2013, 29 (16):  192-197.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3534 Abstract + ( 718 )   PDF ( 1248272KB )   ( 572 ) The northwest peony cultivars are very unique among numerous cultivar groups in China. All the cutivars have blotches on the base of petals. According to the field survey and then referring to documents, we find the blotches varies very much in position, size, color and morphology. There are two positions of the blotches: close to the base and depart from the base. The colors of the blotches are mainly brown-red, purple, brown, black-purple. The size of the blotches, according to the proportion of their heights relative to that of petals`, can be divided into four types: very large, large, medium and small. And the morphology of the blotches have 10 types such as ovate, oblong and circle etc. The blotches can be described in order of color, size and morphology. Besides, the blotch bleed-through or not and the white lines on the center of the petaloid stamens are all in rich variation. All of the above greatly promote the flower ornamental characteristics of the Northwest tree peony cultivars.

  Cluster Analysis of the Biochemical Composition in Camellia sinensis var. assamica ‘Jianghua’ 2013, 29 (16):  198-203.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-3577 Abstract + ( 950 )   PDF ( 556917KB )   ( 549 ) Using UV spectrophotometer method and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze the biochemical component in fresh leaves of group varieties of Camellia sinensis var. assamica ‘Jianghua’. At the same time hierarchical cluster analysis showed that 100 individuals were divided into six categories. Class I performance of non-esterified catechins content was lowest. Class II polyphenols, phenolic ammonia ratio, the proportion of ester catechins and caffeine content were minimum. Class III EGC content was highest. Class IV polyphenols, phenolic ammonia ratio, theobromine were highest while theanine was at least. Class V caffeine, D,L-C, EC, ECG, catechins, non-ester type catechins content were highest. Class VI amino acid and theanine were highest and lowest total catechins. The obvious differences were existed in the six groups biochemical composition. It was helpful for the breeding of excellent tea tree resources.

  Application of Simple Energy-saving in the Design of the Agricultural Ecological Park: Taking “Bo Jinyuan Ecological Garden” as An Example 2013, 29 (16):  204-209.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0450 Abstract + ( 777 )   PDF ( 1814479KB )   ( 540 ) In this paper,we take the merchant culture of shanxi province as its theme,using modern gardening practices, the main line of the landscape, from the location of the ecological park, its land, water, electricity, heat, materials, plants elaborated simple energy-saving design blog Jinyuanthe specific application of the ecological park, creating a line with local natural conditions, but also reflect local cultural customs, three quarters of flowering, the Four Seasons landscape，set open, leisure and entertainment as one of the modern, garden-style ecological agriculture garden.

  The Analysis of the Planning of Modern Tourism Urban Agriculture: Taking Xianhai Resort of Mianyang City as Example 2013, 29 (16):  210-215.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2012-4162 Abstract + ( 824 )   PDF ( 793195KB )   ( 608 ) In this paper, taking Xianhai Resort of Mianyang City as example, the concept and basic connotation of modern urban agriculture were summarized, and the principles of industry planning, functional positioning and the case of sightseeing agriculture industry were analyzed. Spatial layout of modern urban agriculture in Xianhai Resort and industrial development goals about one pillar industry, two leading industries and three dominant industries were proposed. The paper has theoretical and practical significance to perfect planning methods and practical instructions of modern tourism urban agriculture.

  The Application Research of Light-environment in Urban Green Belt 2013, 29 (16):  216-220.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2013-0795 Abstract + ( 823 )   PDF ( 1481309KB )   ( 569 ) The main idea of this article is to discuss how to create a fine light-environment in urban green belt from the viewpoint of light, which is an important element in landscape architecture. At present, the light in garden landscape has been concerned more and more, but there is hardly little systematic illustration on the application of light-environment in specific types of urban green space. Taking Daxijiang Bank Landscape in Lishui as an example, the article will give an initial summary and discussion on the planning principles and designing methods in the creation of light-environment for urban green belts, point out that the light-environment planning in the urban green belt should follow the principles of functionality, continuity, and integrity based on the conditions of the light, the climate of the locations, and the nature, of the objects being planned; when designing, such methods can be employed as space creating, streamline piloting, focus highlighting, figure moulding, atmosphere lightening, scene creating, season-change demonstrating, time-change witnessing, etc. The writer hopes that this article will provide some enlightment for the harmonious blending between light-environment and urban green space.