Abstract: It is of important reference value to control the characteristics of cultivated land soil ecological environment quality and spatial distribution law for promoting the sustainable development of agriculture. This paper taking the typical area of Black Soil Region of Songnen High Plain-Bayan County in Heilongjiang Province as the study area, using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), Nemoro comprehensive pollution index, potential ecological risk index and multi-factor synthetic evaluation model, from the two aspects of soil erosion and soil heavy metal pollution, evaluated the cultivated land soil ecological environment quality of the study area in 2009, and analyzed its characteristics and spatial distribution law. The results showed: The general characteristics of the cultivated land soil ecological environment quality in study area were that the proportion of first-class cultivated land the highest, in turn decreasing to two, three, four, five other classes, poor quality cultivated land soil was mainly affected by the influence of heavy metal pollution. Cultivated land soil ecological environment quality grade with the soil type, slope, slope length and both heavy metals pollution Cd, Hg, had a close relationship, showing obvious regional distribution law. 18 townships and towns cultivated land soil ecological environment quality grade in large differences, the cultivated land soil ecological environment quality of Wanfa town, Fujiang township and Dexiang township were best. Part of Bayan town and Xinglong town cultivated land was polluted by Hg element, part of Hongguang township cultivated land by Cd element, resulting in poor cultivated land soil ecological environment quality.