Abstract: Remote sensing of biophysical parameter, biochemical parameter and chlorophyll fluorescence are the three basic missions of the Terrestrial vegetation remote sensing investigation. Extensive research focuses on remote sensing of chlorophyll fluorescence for its sensitivity to the environmental stress and its potential to detect the stress earlier. This paper reviewed the spectrum characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence, its generating mechanism and its detection methods. The type and working principle of the detector which detect the fluorescence signal in the Fraunhofer lines and the radiative transfer model that includes the flow of the signal was reviewed. When concerning its application, the detection of the environmental stress, the monitoring and assessment of pests was also reviewed. Finally, the future development trends and the prospects of remote sensing of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence was discussed.