Abstract: Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is an important part of Chinese freshwater fisheries. In the recent several decades, artificial breeding and breeding industry of the crab has been developed rapidly. As commercial value increasing, the mitten crab culture has been turned into a pillar industry of Chinese aquaculture. Many research achievements of predecessors have been reported on genetics and breeding of the Chinese mitten crab by the efforts of several generations. Thus, this article summarized the major consequents in some studies on molecular markers, sex control, anti-disease breeding and pedigree breeding in Eriocheir sinensis, and proposed some research prospects and urgent problems of genetics and breeding of the Chinese mitten crab.