Abstract: Studying the theory and history of rural land property rights system has important significance for us to correctly understand the new situations and new problems in the reform of rural land property rights. The history of rural land property rights system changes in New China shows that the diversity of rural land property rights system is beneficial to the competition among rural land property rights systems, and to raising the level of rural productivity. The diversity is the result of famers’organization consciously pursuing system profit. Due to technology, governmental action, or entrepreneurial innovation, rural land property rights system is able to evolve from lower to higher, but it must adapt to the level of local productivity. Government has not only to play its positive role in increasing system revenue in the process of institutional evolution of rural land property rights, such as promoting the construction of rural collective economic organizations, establishing the interaction mechanism for urban and rural human resources, appropriately raising the prices of agricultural products, etc, but also to constrain its own behavior to increase system cost.