Abstract: The modern Heilongjiang began planting rice from the age of 1880s, after this it developed in tortuous and steady growth since 1984. Today, it has become one of the most important food crops in Heilongjiang. Climate warming and extreme minimum temperature increased significantly under the background of climate warming, was the fundamental reason why the rice development in Heilongjiang in recent decades. The short-term study nearly 100 years and nearly 1000 years had shown that the climatic conditions were restricting factors of rice production in Heilongjiang. In the warm periods, Heilongjiang could be a large-scale development of rice, and in the cold climate period, Heilongjiang was difficult to have the rice planting scale.