Abstract: Investigated to the natural plant community and its structure characteristics on which abandoned land, around the barren hills and farmland of Shuikoushan Pb-Zn mining area lands in Hengyang, calculation and analysis of important values of plant species, evenness and species diversity index. The results showed that: There were 29 families, 46 species of plants in the survey area, and the herbaceous plants has the advantage of which including the dominant was the Gramineae and Compositae plants, both accounting for 57% of the herb species. Relatively rare plant species in general, community composition and structure was simple, the low level of species diversity and ecological fragile on that every sample. The highest diversity index H was only 1.101, the highest richness index R was 1.478 and evenness index was also only 0.666. There were no significant differences between species and coverage at each sampling, smelting and other were a significant difference of diversity index between the other three points, and it has no significant differences between each other of the three sampling points, and the diversity index was order: smelter＞waste dam edges＞Kangjiawan selection＞abandoned farmland. The evaluation result was in conformity with the actual situation of local biodiversity basic, and it generally reflected the overall distribution of local plant diversity.