Abstract: The anatomical structure of Suisho pear and Hosui pear was studied to provide theoretical basis for research on eco-physiological traits and their development. Xylem cells in new shoots of Suisho pear, Hosui pear and Suli pear (the CK) were used as test materials, the cellular anatomical traits of which were compared and analyzed, including vessel element, tracheid molecule and fiber molecule. The results indicated that pits on vessel cells of Suisho pear were larger and denser than those of Hosui pear and Suli pear. Meanwhile, malformed vessels of Suisho pear were obviously fewer than that of the other 2 varieties. The maximum diameter for vessel element of Hosui pear was larger than that of Suisho pear and Suli pear, which showed a highly significant difference. The end tail length for Hosui pear was shorter than that of Suisho pear and Suli pear, which also showed a highly significant difference. No significant difference existed in fiber molecule length among the 3 varieties. The diameter of fiber molecule for Hosui pear was smaller than that of Suisho pear and Suli pear, which again showed a highly significant difference. Compared with Suli pear, Suisho pear had better transverse transport ability, while Hosui pear had better vertical transport ability. These traits helped to improve their ecological adaptability.