Abstract: The paper aims to study the damage caused by early spring chilling injury in rice seedling emergence period with the daily meteorological observation data of 1960-2012 in Quzhou. The authors started from the meteorological factors, established a quantitative evaluation model, analyzed the severe chilling injury in early spring atmospheric circulation background, in order to improve the early spring chilling damage forecast and warning level, and to deal with the serious threat of chilling damage in spring to early rice, which was of significance to ensure grain production safety. With the application of NCEP 1°×1°, 500 hPa and 850 hPa data, the authors analyzed the atmospheric circulation background of the severe cold springs from the height field and temperature field distribution. The result showed that the frequency of chilling damage in spring was once 3 to 4 years from 1960 to 1997, the strongest strength period was in 1987 to 1997. After 2000, there were fewer low temperature occurrences in spring. Throughout the years of comprehensive evaluation index, there were serious spring rice chilling damages in Quzhou in 1987, 1993, 1996 and 2010, corresponding to the abnormal climate at the same time. The comprehensive evaluation index was closely related to early rice yield, it could objectively reflect the degree of risk of chilling injury. In years with serious early spring chilling damage, the Asia Pacific region showed radial circulation in early and middle of April, which drove the cold air to go southward frequently, resulted in low temperature in the downstream area of the Long River. The subtropical high was strong, the south branch trough and southwest warm wet air occurred actively, caused the weather to be rainy and overcast in the Long River region. The favorable configurations of westerlies, subtropical and tropical system were the atmospheric circulation background of early spring low temperature injury.