Abstract: The paper studies the interaction relationship between powdery mildew and wheat yield in the breeding process, aiming at offering references for the selection of related strains. During the breeding process of state approved variety ‘Yaomai16’, different strains of powdery mildew resistance and yield were found in this family. The derivates of ‘Yaomai16’ with different resistances to powdery mildew were used as materials to compare the difference of powdery mildew resistance and yield. Compared with RI16-1, the plot yield of four high-generation strains was increased in sequence, by 13.2%, 16.5% and 23.9%, respectively, with the decrease of the resistance to powdery mildew, though the difference among the three elements of the four high-generation strains was not significant. Additionally, RI16-4 reactive derivates were slightly different in their strains to powdery mildew, RI16-4-1 and RI16-4-2 were level 3, RI16-4-3, RI16-4-4, RI16-4-5, RI16-4-6, RI16-4-7 and RI16-4-8 were level 4. The average plot yield of five derivate strains from RI16-1 was 4.75 kg, while the average plot yield of six derivate strains from RI16-4 which were highly susceptible to powdery mildew was 5.28 kg, increased by 11.16%. The yields of susceptible derivate strains were higher than those of resistant strains generally. The two-year characteristics of strains demonstrated that the yield of different derivatives increased with the decreasing of the powdery mildew resistance. Moreover, the productive output level had a negative correlation with powdery mildew resistance on the overall trend.