Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.36 Published:30 December 2015

  Research Process of Accumulation, Tolerance Mechanism and Cultivation Control Measuresof Heavy Metal Cadmium in Rice Crops Zhong Xiaochun,Chen Jingdu and Hao Xinning 2015, 31 (36):  1-5.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080109 Abstract + ( 2000 )   PDF ( 501KB )   ( 835 ) In order to further study the mechanism of cadmium accumulation and toxicity in soil and to understand the significance of the cultivation and control measures to the safety of rice production, the transport and accumulation of cadmium in rice crops were summed up, the differences of cadmium accumulation in rice crops and its characteristics were analyzed. In addition, the mechanism of rice crops tolerance to cadmium stress was summarized and analyzed from the aspects of antioxidant system, absorption and transport limitation and chelating effect etc., and the regulation effects of cultivation measures on the uptake and accumulation of cadmium in rice crops were also analyzed from fertilizer, water and other aspects in this article. Some comments and suggestions were put forward, such as enhancing the breeding of pollution prevention varieties and improving cultivation control measures.

  Characteristics of Air, Water and Soil Temperatures During Early Rice Growth Period and Water Regulation for Mitigating Disasters Zeng Kai,Ju Weimin and Zhang Qingxia 2015, 31 (36):  6-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090104 Abstract + ( 1088 )   PDF ( 4599KB )   ( 444 ) In order to analyze the characteristics of air, water, and soil temperatures and assess the effectiveness of water regulation for mitigating disasters, environmental temperatures were recorded using a cropland microclimatic and real observation system supplemented with manual observation. The results indicated that the accumulated water temperature was the highest and the accumulated air temperature was the lowest. Daily mean air temperature was lower than daily mean water and soil temperatures during the vegetative growth stage. The differences among air, water, and soil temperatures were quite small during the reproductive growth stage, they were all about 4℃ higher than the corresponding values during the vegetative growth stage. When leaf area index (LAI) was low or declining, water was illuminated directly by solar radiation. Consequently, water temperature was normally higher than air temperature at noon. Water temperature was higher for 9-10 hours. Water had large heat capacity and could be used to adjust the temperature. When heat-forced maturity occurred, irrigation of flowing water lasting for 3 days might cause daily maximum and mean air temperatures over the canopy to decrease 2.5℃and 1.0℃, respectively. Such treatment might result in the increases of crude fat and amylocellulose content of rice. Chalk degree of rice decreased. The irrigation might also cause the setting percentage to increase and the thousand-grain weight to increase by 6.65%. LAI was negatively correlated with water temperature. During heat-forced maturity period, LAI declined while water and soil temperatures were high. Water regulation was able to improve yield and quality of rice. Irrigation with flowing water for 2-3 days might obtain optimal achievements.

  Differences of Photosynthetic and Physiological Characteristics of Leaves 2015, 31 (36):  13-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080048 Abstract + ( 961 )   PDF ( 1188KB )   ( 443 ) The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of canopy temperature depression (CTD) and photosynthetic as well as physiological characteristics of early inbred rice varieties with different canopy temperatures, whereby providing theoretical bases for rapid screening of elite germplasms and making reasonable cultivation measures. Using three low and high canopy temperature varieties grown under the same condition of cultivation and management measures, the present study determined the canopy and atmospheric temperature at booting and heading stages, and investigated photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll relative content (SPAD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) activities, the contents of malonaldehyde, soluble sugars and soluble proteins, and then examined the relationship between CTD and leaf photosynthesis and physiological characteristics. Results showed that compared with high canopy temperature varieties, low canopy temperature varieties had higher net photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, higher contents of soluble sugars and chlorophyll, and greater activities of SOD, CAT, and POD, lower malonaldehyde content, but had no significant difference in soluble proteins. Correlation analysis indicated that CTD was significantly and positively related with net photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance and transpiration rates of the flag leaf, negatively correlated with the concentration of intercellular CO2, but not significantly. Canopy temperature depression was significantly and positively correlated with the content of soluble sugars, the SPAD value, and the activity of SOD, but was significantly and negatively correlated with the content of malonaldehyde.

  Effect of Reduced Basic and Tillering Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield and Growth of Rice 2015, 31 (36):  18-23.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070118 Abstract + ( 879 )   PDF ( 486KB )   ( 442 ) In order to study the effective way of reduced nitrogen fertilizer, two cultivars of ‘Tongjing 981’ and ‘Nanjing 44’ were used to study the effect of reduced basic and tillering nitrogen fertilizer on yield and growth of rice under the same application amount of earing fertilizer. The results showed that the peak tiller number reduced when the basic and tillering nitrogen fertilizer application amount was reduced, but the reduced amount had no significant effect on the appearing time of the peak tiller number. Chlorophyll content of flag leaf increased after 7 days of heading and the dry matter accumulation decreasd when reduced basic and tillering nitrogen fertilizer applied, but there was no significant effect on other agronomic traits of rice; leaf base angle and open angle increased and leaf drooping degree decreased when the basic nitrogen reduced 50%, but the percentage of earbearing tiller and thousand seed weight increased, which increased the yield of rice.

  Research Advances of Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Zinc Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grains Xue Yanfang,Li Zongxin,Zhang Hui,Xia Haiyong and Wang Heng 2015, 31 (36):  24-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080003 Abstract + ( 1150 )   PDF ( 582KB )   ( 573 ) In order to provide guidance for wheat grain zinc (Zn) bio-fortification strategies and reasonable managements of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, the effects of nitrogen supply on zinc absorption, translocation and accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grains were summarized in this review. Based on the summary, the authors pointed out that certain topics should be further studied, including whether N supply could stimulate root Zn uptake by producing more zinc-regulated/iron-regulated transporter-like proteins (ZIPs), such as the iron-regulated transporter-like protein (IRT-like); whether more nitrogenous compounds (e.g. nicotianamine (NA)), organic acids (e.g. citrate), heavy metal ATPase (HMA) family proteins and yellow stripe-like (YSL) transporters could enhance Zn transfer from roots to above-ground parts, and whether more NA and YSL transporters could increase Zn remobilization from vegetative tissues to wheat grains. The authors suggested that researches related to different chemical forms of N (e.g. NH4-N and NO3-N) and foliar application should be the focus in the future, and the 15N and 67/68Zn stable isotopes labeling should be applied to further quantify the effect of N supply.

  Research and Application of the Loosen Device Applied in Soil Hardening of Wheat Sowing Process Kang Xiuli,Jing Hua,Ma Aiping,Wang Yuzhi,Cui Huanhu and Zheng Caiping 2015, 31 (36):  31-34.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.cjas15040004 Abstract + ( 695 )   PDF ( 649KB )   ( 579 ) The study aims to effectively eliminate “squamous” soil hardening due to extrusion of pack roller rolling of the “rotary tillage sowing and compacting unity machine” and surface soil, and improve the key technologies including the resistance, saving cost, sowing and conserving seedling. By designing technology project, field test and demonstration were applied in heavy clay soil, light clay soil and middle loam soil, “the loosen device applied in wheat sowing process soil hardening” was developed composing of three parts: stent, adjustment components and loosen components, which could effectively eliminate soil hardening and provide good soil microhabitats for whole, orderly and strong seedlings according to the demands of agro-technique in wheat sowing process in more rainfall year at sowing stage. The device had characteristics of simple installing and dismantling with the “rotary tillage sowing and compacting unity machine”, as well as low production cost, high efficiency and easy operation. The study further perfected the structure and function of “rotary tillage sowing and compacting unity machine”, and widened the soil sowing stage, which provided technical support for anti-adversity, saving cost, sowing and conserving seedling of wheat.

  Relationship Between Yield and Resistance to Powdery Mildew in ‘Yaomai16’ Breeding Process Xie Fulai,Shi Zhongliang,Yang Sanwei,Ji Hutai,Zheng Jun,Zhang Shichang and Di Ruiyao 2015, 31 (36):  35-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070160 Abstract + ( 879 )   PDF ( 1478KB )   ( 393 ) The paper studies the interaction relationship between powdery mildew and wheat yield in the breeding process, aiming at offering references for the selection of related strains. During the breeding process of state approved variety ‘Yaomai16’, different strains of powdery mildew resistance and yield were found in this family. The derivates of ‘Yaomai16’ with different resistances to powdery mildew were used as materials to compare the difference of powdery mildew resistance and yield. Compared with RI16-1, the plot yield of four high-generation strains was increased in sequence, by 13.2%, 16.5% and 23.9%, respectively, with the decrease of the resistance to powdery mildew, though the difference among the three elements of the four high-generation strains was not significant. Additionally, RI16-4 reactive derivates were slightly different in their strains to powdery mildew, RI16-4-1 and RI16-4-2 were level 3, RI16-4-3, RI16-4-4, RI16-4-5, RI16-4-6, RI16-4-7 and RI16-4-8 were level 4. The average plot yield of five derivate strains from RI16-1 was 4.75 kg, while the average plot yield of six derivate strains from RI16-4 which were highly susceptible to powdery mildew was 5.28 kg, increased by 11.16%. The yields of susceptible derivate strains were higher than those of resistant strains generally. The two-year characteristics of strains demonstrated that the yield of different derivatives increased with the decreasing of the powdery mildew resistance. Moreover, the productive output level had a negative correlation with powdery mildew resistance on the overall trend.

  Response of Spring Maize Leaves to Light Intensity and CO2 Concentration Under Drought Stress Jiang Jufang,Zhao Funian,Zhang Yulin,Ren Liwen and Yang Yonglong 2015, 31 (36):  43-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070041 Abstract + ( 742 )   PDF ( 2542KB )   ( 417 ) In order to solve the impact of drought on crop growth and find the physiological threshold of maize leaf for drought resistance, LI-6400 portable photosynthetic apparatus was used to determine the photosynthetic physiological index of spring maize leaves with different light intensities and CO2 concentrations under different drought stress. Under the severe drought stress, Pn could reach saturation with low PAR while the value was small. Under the same PAR, Pn presented as: normal irrigation > mild drought stress > moderate drought stress > severe drought stress. As drought stress increased, the Gs decreased significantly, and the amount of Ci was also different. Moderate and mild drought stress were significantly influenced by stoma limitation, while severe drought stress was mainly influenced by non stoma limitation. When PAR increased, Tr decreased with drought stress increasing. As CO2 concentration increased, Pn decreased when the temperature of spring maize leaves was higher than 35℃, Pn achieved the maximum when the temperature was around 30℃; Gs was the minimum at the temperature of 35℃ while CO2 concentration increased exponentially; Ci at 30℃ and 35℃ were much smaller than Ci at 20℃ and 25℃. Tr achieved the maximum when the temperature was 30℃. The reaction of light intensity was significantly different in varying degrees of drought stress. As CO2 concentration increased exponentially, the photosynthesis physiological process was also affected by temperature.

  Growth Model of Maize Based on Dry Matter Accumulation in Hetao Area Kong Deyin,Li Jianjun,Yang Song,Wang Weidong,Yang Qinyu and Huang Shuqin 2015, 31 (36):  49-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0651 Abstract + ( 1023 )   PDF ( 581KB )   ( 398 ) By establishing the growth model of maize in relation with the number of growing day, the active and effective accumulated temperatures, and determining the growth critical points in relation with maize dry matter accumulation, a scientific basis for field management would be provided. Different-stage sowing data were used. 21 growth models were established (Logistic equations were tested by 0.01 level extreme significance). The growth period of dry matter weight of maize in relation with the number of growing day, the active and effective accumulated temperatures, was divided into 3 stages, including gradual growth period, fast growth period and slow growth period. and began to enter the fast growth period when the active accumulated temperature was 1449.7℃·d. The fastest active accumulated point was 1733.7℃·d. It entered slow growth period at 2008.5℃·d. The active accumulated temperature of the termination point was 2717.3℃·d. When the effective accumulated temperature was 761.4℃·d, it entered into fast growth period. The fastest effective accumulated point was 912.0℃·d. It entered slow growth period at 1068.6℃·d. and the effective accumulated temperature of the termination point was 1447.3℃·d. The accumulated temperature points at different stages could be used for determining the water and fertilizer management, in order to get the optimal economic benefits.

  Analysis of Maize Potential Yield and Population CharacteristicsIn Ningxia Irrigation Area Zhao Jian,Wang Yonghong,Zhao Rulang,Zhang Wenjie,Xie Tiena,Sun Faguo and Jin Xin 2015, 31 (36):  54-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080063 Abstract + ( 680 )   PDF ( 1556KB )   ( 455 ) To ascertain the population characteristics of high-yield maize in Ningxia and the factors that limit high yield, ‘Zhengdan 985’ and ‘Xianyu 335’ were chosen as the experimental cultivars with the planting densities of 121215/hm2 and 110205/hm2. Yield and yield components, the group photosynthetic characteristics at key growing stages and the dynamic change of dry matter were studied. The results showed that: leaf area index (LAI) showed unimodal curve change and reached the highest value around silking stage. The photosynthetic effective radiation showed a sharp decreasing trend with the canopy downward and the change of light transmittance was the most obvious at the position of 120-180 cm. The dynamic change of dry matter accumulation showed an ‘S’ shaped curve in the whole growth period and it reached the highest at the maturity stage. High yield could be obtained by following the two different modes of yield potential digging. ‘Xianyu 335’ was more ideal for achieving high yield but the lack of nitrogen supply at the late growing stage was the limiting factor for high yield achievement. Therefore, in the original density of ‘Xianyu 335’, increasing N fertilizer application at the late growing stage to increase 1000-kernal weight and grain number per ear was an important way of further increasing maize yield in Ningxia.

  Effects of Controlled-release Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Accumulation and Yield of Summer Maize Yan Tong,Ding Wenfeng,Cao Yongzhen,Liu Shiliang,Teng Shihui and Hu Bin 2015, 31 (36):  60-64.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070125 Abstract + ( 1036 )   PDF ( 536KB )   ( 446 ) In order to determine the optimum application amount of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer on summer maize, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different blend ratios of controlled-release and conventional N-fertilizer and the treatment of reducing 20% nitrogen fertilizer on the yield, nitrogen accumulation, use efficiency of fertilization and agronomic efficiency of summer maize. The results showed that treatments of total and reducing controlled-release N-fertilizer both increased maize nitrogen accumulation compared with conventional N-fertilizer under the same application rates. Nitrogen accumulation increased by 16.46%, 39.02%, 20.97% and 8.22%, respectively, by treatments of 100% coated urea, 70% coated urea, 50% coated urea and 50% coated urea with reducing nitrogen in full ripe stage. There was no significant effect on maize nitrogen accumulation trend with treatments of total and reducing controlled-release N-fertilizer. Treatments of total and reducing controlled-release N-fertilizer could increase the use efficiency of N, P, K and agronomic efficiency significantly. Compared with the conventional N-fertilizer treatment, treatments of total and reducing controlled-release N-fertilizer could increase the yield of maize significantly, the treatment of 70% controlled-release urea had the highest yield of maize, and the rate of growth was 12.33%.

  Analysis of Genetic Relationship and DNA Fingerprinting of Three Soybean Cultivars and Their Core Parental Lines Yang Jiayin,Xu Haifeng and Cheng Baoshan 2015, 31 (36):  65-69.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090061 Abstract + ( 1299 )   PDF ( 731KB )   ( 578 ) In order to study genetic relationship and DNA fingerprinting of commercial soybean cultivars and their patental lines in Huaibei Region, Jiangsu, total genomic DNA of 3 high-yielding (Huaidou) soybean cultivars and their 8 core parental lines was extracted by using CTAB method. The genetic similarity coefficients and DNA fingerprinting of the above-mentioned materials were conducted by using SSR markers. 46 pairs of primers were selected and distributed evenly on the whole genome, of which 2 to 5 alleles were detected by each pair of primers. A total of 125 polymorphism fragments were amplified, whose average number was 2.7 per pair of primers. The cluster analysis was conducted by using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA). The genetic variation in most of the experimental materials was lower, and their genetic similarity coefficients changed from 0.5781 to 0.9609. The genetic distance between SSR markers were from 0.0391 to 0.4219 and their average value was 0.2773. The fingerprinting of 5 core primers selected from the above primers could be markedly distinguished between the 3 high-yielding (Huaidou) cultivars. These results not only can be used to detect the cultivars (lines) authenticity and protect intellectual property rights, but also to provide theoretical basis and technical support for effective selection of parents to broaden the genetic basis.

  Planting of Different Potato Cultivars Adapted to Water Availability in Inner Mongolia Yu Tingting and Wang Fengxin 2015, 31 (36):  70-77.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080083 Abstract + ( 804 )   PDF ( 1655KB )   ( 466 ) Based on the daily precipitation and average temperature data of 46 weather stations in Inner Mongolia from 1965 to 2014, the average temperature of 10-days and the spatial distribution maps of germination period, tuber formative period and tuber expand period of potato were drew, the suitable potato cultivars were selected in different areas in Inner Mongolia according to the water consumption rule of some main potato cultivars. The results showed that the suitable vegetable cultivar was ‘Kexin No.1’, starch process cultivar was ‘Longshu No.3’ and fried potato cultivar was ‘Burbank’ in northeast Inner Mongolia with the precipitation of 400-500 mm. In most part of eastern Inner Mongolia with the precipitation of 300-400 mm, the suitable vegetable cultivars were ‘Favorita’ and ‘Kexin No.1’, fried potato cultivars were ‘Shepody’, ‘Burbank’ and ‘Atlantic’. ‘Favorita’, ‘Shepody’ and ‘Burbank’ were suitable in central Inner Mongolia with the precipitation of 200-300 mm. ‘Favorita’, ‘Shepody’ and ‘Burbank’ were suitable under irrigation and filming in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia with lower precipitation. Because of the deficient precipitation and high temperature, the western region of Inner Mongolia was unsuitable for potato planting. The research results could provide reference for potato planting in Inner Mongolia.

  Preliminary Report on Fertilization Recommendation Index of Faba Bean Soil Li Hongwen,Li Chunlian,Ye Hesheng,Zhou Xiaobo,Shi Wenfa,Yang Zhaoming,Zhang Jianbo,Yang Hongxiang and Ma Yun 2015, 31 (36):  78-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060115 Abstract + ( 949 )   PDF ( 653KB )   ( 514 ) In order to explore and establish the system of soil formula of faba bean, to provide scientific reference for rational application of fertilizer, local white faba bean, urea, single superphosphate and potassium sulphate were used as materials, and the “3414” regression optimum design principle was adopted to conduct the field fertilizer experiments. The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer on faba bean was investigated. The results showed that different fertilization treatments significantly affected the production, output, uptake of nutrients of the aboveground part and uptake of nutrients per 100 kg faba bean. Compared with treatment 1(N0P0K0), treatment 7(N2P3K2) increased the production by 1600.50 kg per hectare and increased the output value by 5601.75 yuan per hectare. Treatment 6 (N2P2K2), 9 (N2P2K1) and 14 (N2P1K1) increased the production by1450.5 kg per hectare and increased the output value by 5076.75 yuan per hectare. Treatment 6 had the highest nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for the aboveground part of the plant, next was treatment 4 (N2P0K2) for phosphorus and potassium, and treatment 8 (N2P2K0) for nitrogen. Nitrogen uptake of treatment 2 and 6 was 6.26 kg and 5.90 kg per 100 kg faba bean, while that of treatment 8 was lower than any of them. Treatment 2 and 4 had the best absorption of phosphorus and potassium, respectively 0.76 and 3.07 kg per 100 kg faba bean, while that of treatment 1 and 8 were the lowest. The test results indicated that fertilization was the major factor that affected the absorption of soil nutrients and the production of faba bean. Rational fertilization could effectively improve the yield of faba bean, especially the application of nitrogen. The production of faba bean could increase by 23.33 kg with one kilogram of pure nitrogen; and could increase by 6.12 and 3.34 kg with one kilogram of pure phosphorus and potassium, respectively. The limiting factors of the nutrient uptake of faba bean were first the application of nitrogen fertilizer, and second the application of phosphorus fertilizer. The correction coefficients of available nutrients N, P2O5 and K2O, of faba bean soil were 1.806711, 0.80545 and 1.397613, respectively.

  Storage Condition for Seeds of Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu Hu Jiajia,Xu Jianqu,Chen Xuanhui and He Guozhen 2015, 31 (36):  87-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080010 Abstract + ( 789 )   PDF ( 1914KB )   ( 385 ) In order to explore the best storage condition of Amomum longiligulare T. L. Wu seeds, the effects of sand grind, gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment, storage condition and storage time on seed germination rate of A. Longiligulare were studied. A. Longiligulare seeds which were harvested at the same year were treated by sand grind and GA3 soaking, and stored under different conditions. Germination experiments of A. Longiligulare seeds were carried out, and the germination rates were investigated. The results showed that sand grind could not significantly improve the seed germination rate of A. Longiligulare, but could accelerate GA3 into the inside of the seeds. GA3 had concentration effect on seed germination rate of A. Longiligulare. The best germination rate was obtained by the treatment with 80 μmol/L GA3 for 8 h. The higher concentration of GA3 showed inhibitory effect. Room temperature storage was the best storage condition, it was conducive to the post-harvest ripening of A. Longiligulare seeds. The highest germination rate of seeds stored in room temperature was up to (97.78±3.84)%, but the storage time could not be more than eight months preferably. The best storage condition of A. Longiligulare seeds was obtained to lay a solid foundation for promoting the sowing and seedling technology of A. Longiligulare.

  Diagnostic Technique of Sugarbeet Nitrogen Nutrient Status Using SPAD-502 Chlorophyll Meter Wang Qiuhong,Zhou Jianchao and Wang Xiaochun 2015, 31 (36):  92-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090014 Abstract + ( 929 )   PDF ( 1080KB )   ( 480 ) In field planting and production of sugarbeet, nitrogen nutrient should be supplied in time. The distribution feature of SPAD value on different leaf positions and leaf orders of sugarbeet was analyzed using SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter so that the rapid diagnostic technique of sugarbeet nitrogen nutrient status could be built on the SPAD value. Both pot and field experiment with different sugarbeet genotypes were conducted in order to measure the leaf SPAD value of different development stages in different genotypes of sugarbeet. Then, the authors counted and analyzed the correlations between the leaves’ SPAD value and its chlorophyll content or the plant nitrogen content in different genotypes of sugarbeet. The results were as follows: the leaves’ SPAD values of sugarbeet were different among different leaf positions and leaf orders. The repeated times of the biggest SPAD value of leaf tip were obviously more than that of the margin and lower part of the leaf, both treatments (N150 and N0) were all mixed up to 50%. The SPAD values of N150 were higher than those of N0, even they varied among different cultivars under each treatment. After 4-6 euphylla period of sugarbeet, the SPAD value of the highest leaf had a significant correlation with that of other leaves in the same plant, so the highest leaf tip of sugarbeet should be taken as the measured position of SPAD value. With high nitrogen application rates, the SPAD value increased. The SPAD values of different cultivars varied under each treatment. The linear equations were built respectively between SPAD values and chlorophyll concentration and plant total nitrogen content. After fitting the linear equations, the authors found that the SPAD value of leaf and total chlorophyll content of plant in different developmental stages (seedling, cluster rapid growth period and root sugar accumulation period) had a very significant correlation, the relationship between SPAD value of leaf and nitrogen content of plant was significant. So the development and photosynthetic efficiency of sugarbeet could be constantly monitored by SPAD value, and SPAD values of sugarbeet were suitable for rapid diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition.

  Study on Water Consumption Law and Irrigation System of Macadamia Gong Lidan,Ni Shubang,He Xiyong,Tao Liang,Fang Quihong,Liu Jin,Li Yuhong and Ma Jing 2015, 31 (36):  99-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090006 Abstract + ( 1047 )   PDF ( 525KB )   ( 479 ) The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for drought resistance and water conservation ecological Macadamia garden construction. The water consumption and production of Macadamia nuts were studied by different irrigation treatments in a field experiment, and the relationships between water consumption, water consumption law and yield were studied. The results showed that: water requirement was critical for Macadamia in flowering stage, fruit expanding stage and fruit oil accumulation period. The relationship of water consumption and production was not infinite simple linear. High water consumption could not result in high yield. The optimal irrigation quota was: 2806.09 mm in growth period, 54.22 mm in flowering and fruit-setting period, 104.47 mm in fruit enlargement stage and 226.69 mm in fruit oil accumulation period. The Macadamia should be irrigated every 10 days in flowering and fruit-setting period and every 8 days in fruit enlargement and fruit oil accumulation period. Water resource in these critical periods was the key factor for high production and quality.

  Effects of Alternating Temperatures Day and Night on Cotton Bollworm Mortality and Insecticidal Protein Expression of Two Kinds of Bt Cottons Lu Xianyong,Li Shuying,Zhu Jiabao,Cheng Furu,Liu Fangzhi and Yu Chun 2015, 31 (36):  103-108.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070078 Abstract + ( 895 )   PDF ( 1417KB )   ( 360 ) To discuss the response mechanism of Bt cotton resistance to Helicoverpa armigera under the diurnal temperature condition, two different Bt cotton varieties were used as materials for mensurating insecticidal protein content from cotton leaves at seedling stage and investigating the death rate of cotton bollworm fed on cotton leaves. In the experiment, temperature stress (35℃/28℃ or 35℃/18℃) were carried out for 96 h in the artificial climatic chamber in order to study the influence of alternating temperatures day and night on cotton bollworm larval mortality and insecticidal protein expression. The results indicated that when day/night temperature was 35℃/18℃, it could significantly affect Cry1Ac protein content and cotton bollworm larval mortality, and in pace with the time extending, Cry1Ac protein content and larval mortality suffered a sharp decline. While 35℃/28℃ of day/night temperature also affected the insecticidal protein expression and larval mortality, but it had only small influence degree. And as the time extended, Cry1Ac protein content had a stable reduction. Between the two Bt cotton varieties from different gene sources, cotton ‘Hanza 154’ from USA had higher insecticidal protein content than ‘Wanmian11’ from Anhui. Bt cotton from USA was less affected by diurnal temperature. The extremely high temperature at daytime and the very low temperature at night might significantly affect Bt cotton resistance to cotton bollworm. What’s more, the longer the stress time, the stronger the effect degree. It will provide a theoretical basis for security applications of Bt cotton in frequently extreme weather during the process of cotton cultivation in China.

  Effect of Sowing Quantity on Growth and Summer Survival Rate of White Clover Xu Xiaolin,Huang Qinghai,Li Daming,Yu Xichu,Hu Zhihua,Zhou Lijun,Liu Kailou,Ye Huicai and Hu Huiwen 2015, 31 (36):  109-112.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090048 Abstract + ( 722 )   PDF ( 826KB )   ( 443 ) A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of sowing quantity on the growth, yield and summer survival rate of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and its inhibition effect on the biomass of weed. The experiment was conducted from October 2012 to December 2013 in a young waxberry orchard. The results showed that the emergence number and height of white clover increased with the increase of sowing quantity, while the stem diameter, leaf SPAD value and fresh weight decreased. The grass yield of white clover increased significantly with the increase of sowing quantity, when the sowing quantity was less than 15.00 kg/hm2, the increase range was relatively high and the difference among treatments was significant, however when the sowing quantity was between 15.00 to 18.75 kg/hm2, the increase range was relatively low. The seed yield and summer survival rate increased first and then decreased, the seed yield reached the top when the sowing quantity was 11.25 kg/hm2, and the summer survival rate reached the highest value with the sowing quantity of 15.00 kg/hm2. The biomass of weed decreased with the increase of the sowing quantity. Therefore, the most suitable sowing quantity was 11.25 to 15.00 kg/hm2 in the young orchard in hilly red soil region.

  Reasons of Grain Yield Increase Per Unit Area in Heilongjiang Province Jiao Jiang,Xiang Hongtao,Wang Lizhi,Jiang Lixia,Wang Lianmin and Li Zhongjie 2015, 31 (36):  113-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060144 Abstract + ( 748 )   PDF ( 1759KB )   ( 597 ) In order to dig the grain increasing potential of Heilongjiang Province and realize the sustainable development of production, reasons of grain yield increase per unit area were summed up as national policy, production condition, technical progress and the warming climate. Four indexes including sowing ratio of highly-yielding crops, total power of agricultural machine per unit area, amount of fertilizer and ≥10℃ active accumulated temperature were chosen to conduct the analysis. Using the methods of data processing at different times and grey correlation analysis, contribution of the above reasons to the grain yield increase per unit areawere investigated. The results indicated that the main reason of the grain yield increase per unit area was the national policy which leaded to the high cultivation proportion of highly-yielding crops, followed by the improvement of production condition and technical progress, warming climate. Based on the results, aiming at the problems involving in grain production of Heilongjiang Province, countermeasures including ensuring a steady state grain purchase policy, accelerating the industrialization of grain, paying attention to disaster prevention, constructing the new type system of modern agriculture, building the reasonable crop rotation system, increasing the yield per unit area and maintaining the total yield and so on were proposed to accelerate the development of grain production.

  Effects of Ridge Height and Row Width Cultivation of Flue-cured Tobacco on Soil Chemical Properties and Yield and Quality of Tobacco Leaves in the Mountainous Dry Land Zhang Mingfa,Tian Feng,Deng Xiaohua,Chao Jin,Cai Yunfan,Zhang Liming,Zhu Sanrong and Lv Qisong 2015, 31 (36):  119-124.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060156 Abstract + ( 694 )   PDF ( 1509KB )   ( 419 ) Effects of ridge height and row width cultivation on soil chemical properties and yield and quality of tobacco leaves were studied by the method of field experiment. The results showed that the content of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen increased significantly by 10% (P=0.1184) by way of ridge height and row width cultivation, which increased the content of soil available potassium, decreased pH value of soil, reduced the content of soil organic matter and had smaller effect on the content of soil available phosphorus. This method could increase the chlorophyll content of flue-cured tobacco, the yield of tobacco leaves was improved significantly by 5% (P=0.0524) and the output value of tobacco leaves was improved significantly by 10% (P=0.0952), while it had small effect on the average price and super ratio of tobacco leaves. This method mainly affected the chemical component of B2F and increased the strength, concentration, aroma quantity, aroma amount and aftertaste of B2F and C3F.

  Effect of Different Fertilization Proportions on Oil Helianthus and Soil Nutrients under Light Sierozem Wang Zhangjun,Wang Shirong and Wang Zhaozhi 2015, 31 (36):  125-130.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080132 Abstract + ( 684 )   PDF ( 1005KB )   ( 482 ) In order to ascertain the effect of different fertilization proportions on oil helianthus and soil nutrients in light sierozem, randomized block design was used in a field experiment including eight treatments such as CK and NPKM with NX440 as the material. The results showed that plant height of inorganic nitrogen omission treatment was inferior to that of other treatments, and the economic yield increase of inorganic nitrogen omission treatment was not significant in comparing with that of CK. Plant height of NPKM treatment increased 41.6 cm compared that of with CK in harvest time, plate grain number increased by 272 grains per plate, 27.7% more than that of CK, thousand kernel weight increased 12.2 g, 23.4% higher than that of CK. Economic yield and biological yield increased significantly by 55.6% and 43.1% compared with that of CK. The nitrogen content of grain and stem of NPKM treatment was 1.6 times and 2.0 times as much as that of CK, respectively. Organic matter content of soil of NPKM treatment increased 1.5 g/kg compared with that of CK. Consequently, in the local condition of light sierozem, no application of inorganic nitrogen was unfeasible, and it was reasonable to refer to NPKM treatment for oil helianthus fertilization.

  Zonal Study of Farmland Quality in Mountainous Area Based on Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis:Taking Wudu District of Longnan City as an Example Dang Guofeng and Zhu Chen 2015, 31 (36):  131-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090044 Abstract + ( 1098 )   PDF ( 3149KB )   ( 518 ) In order to discuss the arable land’s spatial distribution characteristics of Wudu District in Longnan City, this paper took national cultivated land quality index as an object and used the methods of local spatial autocorrelation analysis and Moran scatter point diagram, on the basis of the results, the authors proposed the measures for protecting cultivated land. The results showed that the quality of cultivated land in Wudu District was entirety low, aggregation was shown in spatial under mountainous condition, the type of positive correlation (HH and LL) had strong aggregation, while the type of negative correlation (HL and LH) had the scattered distribution with no obvious law. The partition scheme of cultivated land protection based on the spatial autocorrelation method, which comprehensively considered the natural condition of cultivated land, utilization level, economic status and spatial distribution characteristics, broadened the basis of cultivated land protection and provided a new idea for the protection of arable land.

  Isolation and Characterization of Class III Peroxidases Gene (SoPOD-1 and SaPOD-1) cDNA in Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum arundinaceum Hu Xiaowen,Yao Yanli,Xing Shulian,Xu Lei and Liu Yang 2015, 31 (36):  139-144.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070177 Abstract + ( 681 )   PDF ( 6000KB )   ( 358 ) The aim of this study was to investigate the difference of class Ⅲ peroxidases (Prxs) genes between Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum arundinaceum and explore the genetic basis of the functional differences of Prxs genes in these two species by cloning and analyzing their Prxs gene. A Sorghum bicolor Prxs gene was used as probe, by using the homologous clonal strategy, Prxs genes were cloned from Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum arundinaceum. In this study, four Prxs genes cDNA were obtained, both of the two Prxs genes cDNA length in Saccharum arundinaceum were 1083 bp, there was only one different site between them, another two Saccharum officinarum Prxs genes cDNA length were 1084 bp, which had eleven bases difference. The four cloned genes had a 996 bp open reading frame, encoding 331 amino acid. The protein conservative structural domain analysis showed that all of the four cloned genes had typical well-conserved amino-acid residues of Prxs, and they were the aimed genes. The phylogeny analysis indicated that the cloned genes had high similarity with homologous genes in Sorghum bicolor, zea maize and oryza sativa, also had relationship to the dicotyledon plants, or even to some gymnosperms, and the similarity degree of amino acid sequences were consistent with species divergence, which provided an evidence for plant classification. Four Prxs genes were cloned from Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum arundinaceum in this study, it provided a reference for further study in distinguishing the functional difference among different plants.

  Establishment of Cutting Propagation Technology System of Erica carnea and Dynamic Observation of Rooting Xu Dong,Xie Lanyu,Li Jihong,Qi Xiao and Wang Jinnan 2015, 31 (36):  145-149.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070153 Abstract + ( 1036 )   PDF ( 2388KB )   ( 566 ) Through comparing the rooting difference of Erica carnea cutting in different treatments, the rooting law of Erica carnea cutting was revealed, in order to provide theoretical basis for the propagation system of Erica carnea and technical support for production practice. Hormone concentrations, cutting periods, matrix types and cutting positions were investigated in the full-light, automatic-spray and temperature-control greenhouse. Least significant difference (LSD) multiple comparisons and one-way ANOVA were applied to analyze the rooting rate, average root number, average root length and the rooting quality in different treatments. The rooting rates reached 82.43% when the shoot was soaked with 1000 mg/L IBA which had significant effect on rooting rate contrasted with the other two levels (P<0.05); the best composition of matrix for softwood cutting should contain 3 parts of coconut tree branny and one part of pearlite; there were significant differences in the rooting rate, root number, and the root length among different types of cutting positions (P<0.05), while an extremely significant level was observed in rooting quality (P<0.01). The best type of cutting position was semi-lignified branches. The rooting rate was 94.2% in September. The appropriate hormone concentration, matrix type and cutting position, cutting period were proved in this study.

  Callus Induction of Different Explants of Sinopodophyllum emodi (Wall.) Ying Guo Shenghu,Zhu Yongxing and Guan Yajing 2015, 31 (36):  150-155.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100033 Abstract + ( 938 )   PDF ( 2059KB )   ( 456 ) The study aims to establish a technology system for callus induction and culture of Sinopodophyllum emodi (Wall.) Ying, and to select the optimum medium and explants. The authors adopted the orthogonal experimental design to study the effects of MS basic media with 6-BA (6-Benzlaminopurine), 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and TDZ (Thioridazine) and their combinations on induction rate of the explants of leaf and petiole and stem from Sinopodophyllum emodi (Wall.) Ying. The results showed that the callus could be induced from three explants and the leaf was the best explant with a high induction rate of 44.3% and the rate of petiole was 24.7%, the rate of stem was 18.1%. The best suitable medium was MS 6-BA 1.0 mg/L TDZ 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D 1.5mg/L. Combining cytokines of 6-BA and TDZ was beneficial to improve the induction rate and the quality of callus. Compared with the callus of leaf and stem, the loose granular and yellowish green callus from petiole was fit for further inducing differentiation and cell culture. An efficient technology system for callus induction and culture of Sinopodophyllum emodi (Wall.) Ying was established, and it provided the materials for culture of somatic embryogenesis.

  Study on Culture Medium of Ganoderma lucidum of Different Fruit Tree Branches Jin Xin,Huang Wenli,Li Xiaolin,Chen Cheng,Xiong Chuan,Li Qiang,Chen Zuqin and Zheng Linyong 2015, 31 (36):  156-160.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070171 Abstract + ( 902 )   PDF ( 571KB )   ( 553 ) A study on the formula optimization of ganoderma lucidum culture medium was conducted by using the agricultural by-products of fruit tree branches, based on this research, the best ganoderma lucidum cultivation formula for the sustainable development of fruit trees could be selected. This study used crumbs of peach tree, pear tree and apple tree branches, with different formula optimization designs, to study the agronomic traits of ganoderma lucidum fruiting body and analyze the content of amino acid and mineral element. The results showed that through the analysis of the agronomic traits, apple-2 was the best formula. Through the analysis of amino acid, the content of amino acid followed the order of peach formula＞pear formula＞apple formula. Through the analysis of mineral element content in fruiting body of nine formulas of ganoderma lucidum, the pear-1 was the best formula. The yield, content of amino acid and mineral elements of each treatment were not identical, the farmers could select the appropriate ganoderma lucidum cultivation matrix formula according to different demands.

  Screening of Cellulose-decomposing Bacteria and Enzymatic Activity Determination Jiang Mingxing and Ding Xiaofan 2015, 31 (36):  161-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090034 Abstract + ( 773 )   PDF ( 1673KB )   ( 719 ) In order to take full advantage of cellulose in plant residues, three strains (ZWY-3, DP-6 and DP-8) of cellulose-decomposing bacteria were isolated from the humus-rich soil by the medium with the sole carbon source of CMC-Na and Congo red screening method. Enzyme activity was measured under different incubation time, temperature, original pH and carbon source. The results showed that three strains showed the highest cellulose activity under the condition of 24 h, pH 7, 30℃ and glucose as carbon source, DP-6 had the highest cellulose activity of 144.86 U when the incubation time was 24 h, ZWY-3 had the cellulose activity of 126.74 U when the incubation temperature was 30℃, and the highest cellulose activity of 133.82 U when the pH value was 7. DP-6 showed the highest activity of 218.96 U when cultivated under the optimal condition with glucose as the only carbon source. These three strains showed great potential in the industry of agricultural cellulose-decomposing.

  Research Progress of the Potential Value of Pine Needles Compost He Junlong,Yang Zonglin,Yang Zhigou,Zhao Shiqin,Li Bingze,Wang Yannan and Jiang Zili 2015, 31 (36):  165-169.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050083 Abstract + ( 772 )   PDF ( 517KB )   ( 395 ) Pine needle is a kind of renewable natural resource which has not been explored and has potential value as biological organic fertilizer and broad application prospects. The authors summarized the main composition of pine needles, and the potential value of pine needles in biological anti-aging, bacteriostatic antiviral, reducing field surface runoff and soil improvement. The authors pointed out three main research directions of pine needles compost, including the degradation of pine needles, condition control of pine needle compost and the suitable formula of crops applied pine needles compost. This paper could provide theoretical basis for the research and development of pine needles as organic fertilizer.

  The Spatial-temporal Distribution Characteristics and Evaluation of Solar Energy Resources in Hunan Province Du Dongsheng,Zhang Jianming and Zhang Jianjun 2015, 31 (36):  170-175.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090021 Abstract + ( 1461 )   PDF ( 5014KB )   ( 1206 ) To provide scientific basis for the reasonable planning and effective use of solar energy resources in Hunan Province, this study analyzed the spatial-temporal distribution and the richness, stability and availability of solar energy resources by employing the total solar radiation data at 3 radiation observation stations and the sunshine hours data at 97 stations in Hunan Province, and according to the solar resource assessment methods released by the China Meteorological Administration. The results showed that the solar radiation as well as sunshine hours were higher in the eastern part and lower in the western part of Hunan Province; the overall annual total solar radiation in Hunan Province tended to decrease since 1961; in Hunan Province, Dongting Lake Region and Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Area had the most abundant solar energy resources, the largest number of days of available solar energy resources and the most stable resources, so the development and utilization of solar energy in the future should be given priority.

  Analysis of Fog and Haze Weather in Linfen City Xu Jinfeng,Li Liping,Li Min,Gong Fuping,Zhao Junping and Cui Xuelian 2015, 31 (36):  176-183.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040065 Abstract + ( 965 )   PDF ( 4760KB )   ( 454 ) The paper aims to further improve the haze prediction and control in Linfen City, to avoid and reduce the traffic and health hazards caused by haze weather. According to the observation data of PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10, visibility, relative humidity and temperature from November 2013 to March 2014 recorded by the automatic meteorological station in Linfen City, the authors used data of rainy days and no wind days from December to March during 1954-2014, the mathematical statistics, linear fitting and multivariate regression method, to analyze the relationship between fog haze and meteorological factors in autumn and winter in Linfen City. The results showed that the wind speed, air pressure and temperature would affect the air visibility, wind speed had the biggest influence, wind speed increased per 1 m/s, visibility increased 3.3 km; temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and visibility were negatively correlated to PM2.5, wind speed and PM2.5 level had the biggest negative correlation degree, wind speed increased per 1 m/s, PM2.5 reduced 65.2 μg/m3; no wind days were reducing at a rate of about 0.98 d/10 a, and rainy days were reducing at a rate of about 0.07 d/10 a.

  Assessment of Dust Absorption Ability of Garden Green Space in Shijiazhuang City Xu Zhenhua,Dang Lei,Ren Qiwen and Wu Yajing 2015, 31 (36):  184-187.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070145 Abstract + ( 770 )   PDF ( 507KB )   ( 529 ) In order to evaluate the dust absorption ability of urban garden green space on the suspended particulate matters in the air, and reduce the harm of these particulate matters to human health, atmospheric pollutants dry settling flux model and exposure-response relation model were used for quantitative assessment of the total amount of PM10 and PM2.5 absorbed by garden plants in Shijiazhuang City and the health benefits of garden green space in 2013. The results of the survey showed that: in Shijiazhuang City, garden plants’ adsorption amount of PM10 was 13813.4 t/a and PM2.5 was 6974.6 t/a in 2013, which reduced the mortality by 11.58 person/day and the respiratory system disease morbidity by 32.12 person/day, and could be converted to 1.95 billion yuan in economic value and was 4.3‰ of the gross national product (GNP). The results could provide a theoretical basis for the research on absorption ability of landscape plants on atmospheric particulate matter, optimizing the human living environment and urban landscape planning.

  Effects of Cropping Patterns of Different Flood-avoiding Plants on Greenhouse Gas Emission in the Downstream of Yangtze River Qi Longchang,Li Youqiang,Che Zhao,Cao Gang,Wang Teng,Song He and Dong Zhaorong 2015, 31 (36):  188-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070015 Abstract + ( 1335 )   PDF ( 1217KB )   ( 483 ) In this study, the effect of cropping patterns of different flood-avoiding plants on greenhouse gas emission in the downstream of Yangtze River was studied and the basis for selecting regional low-carbon agriculture crop patterns was provided. The emission rules of CO2, CH4 and N2O under the cropping patterns of wheat-rice (WRR), yellow heart cabbage-water bamboo (WZR), yellow heart cabbage-soybean-water chestnuts (WECR), cress-celery bud-rice (CCRR) and lotus root (LR) were analyzed by the method of closed chamber technique. The results showed that the emission of CO2 followed the order of summer＞autumn＞spring＞winter, and CH4 and N2O followed the order of summer＞autumn; CO2 emissions were not significantly different among the cropping patterns of WECR, WRR and CCRR, but were all higher than that of WZR and LR; N2O emissions of WRR, CCRR and LR were significantly higher than that of WZR and WECR; CH4 emission of LR was significantly higher than that of CCRR, but CH4 emissions of WZR, WECR and WRR were significantly lower than that of LR and CCRR. The order of greenhouse effect was WRR＞CCRR＞WECR＞LR＞WZR, which suggested that the cropping pattern of yellow heart cabbage-water bamboo (WZR) had the lowest greenhouse effect and it was the better production pattern in the Yangtze River Flooding Area.

  Applicability Assessment of Four Drought Indexes in Hexi Corridor Regions Liang Dan,Zhao Ruifeng,Li Jie,Xie Zuolun and Zhu Wen 2015, 31 (36):  194-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070075 Abstract + ( 863 )   PDF ( 3043KB )   ( 413 ) In order to assess the applicability of four kinds of drought indexes in Hexi Corridor regions, the indexes were calculated with the data of 12 meteorological sites in Chinese Meteorological Administration in Hexi Corridor from 1960 to 2013, and the applicability was assessed according to The Chinese Meteorological Disasters Encyclopedia. The results showed that: (1) on the annual scale, the drought grades assessed by Pa and MI were higher than the observation data, the simulating ability of SPI and SPEI was relatively good; on the seasonal scale, the judgment result of SPEI was more close to the actual situation; (2) wetting tendency had different degrees in some regions assessed by Pa, SPI and MI, but drying tendency showed in Hexi Corridor assessed by SPEI; (3) Pa, SPI and SPEI had the same drought frequency; the adaptability and reliability of MI were relatively poorer in drought area; (4) the correlation between the SPEI and MI in the arid Shule river basin was relatively poor; (5) compared with the actual drought records, the error rates of the four indexes followed the order of MI＞SPI and Pa＞SPEI.

  Carbon Emission Effect of Land Consolidation Project in Baixiang County of Hebei Province Guo Yiqiang,,Cheng Chaofeng,Han Ze and Liu Lin 2015, 31 (36):  205-210.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080007 Abstract + ( 1097 )   PDF ( 781KB )   ( 547 ) To analyze land use change in LCP (Land Consolidation Project), develop a method to assess the effects of LCP on carbon emission, and assess the carbon emission in LCP, Baixiang County in Hebei Province was taken as the study area to assess the effects of carbon emissions on LCP. Based on energy consumption and land use change, carbon emission inventory methods were used to analyze the carbon emission caused by energy consumption in land leveling, irrigation and drainage, road construction, farmland protection and land use changes. The results showed that the total carbon emission caused by energy consumption was 469.77 tC. Land leveling project was a major source of carbon emission, accounting for 78.44% of the total carbon emission of engineering construction, country road engineering and irrigation and drainage engineering accounted for 15.69% and 5.86% of the total carbon emission, respectively. From the view of carbon emission per unit investment quantity and carbon emission rate of investment proportion, ecological benefit of the country road engineering and irrigation and drainage engineering were better than that of land leveling project. Land use change caused by land consolidation in Baixiang County made regional vegetation and soil carbon storage increase 748.58 tC, and carbon storage change of unused land was the largest. The increment of carbon storage caused by land use change was 1.59 times more than carbon emission in the entire construction process. And after the implementation of land consolidation project, carbon storage increased 278.81 tC, showing the effect of carbon sink. Based on these results, the suggestions including decreasing the quantity of land leveling project, reducing the consumption of fossil fuels, advocating using clean fuel and choosing new cultivated land which had lower carbon densities were put forward to decrease the carbon emission. In addition, more organic fertilizer, fewer pesticides and chemical fertilizers should be used to raise soil fertility.

  Effects of Urea and Straw Application on CO2 and N2O Emissions in Tea Field Soil in Central China Yin Xin,Tian Yanan,Xie Qi and Lin Shan 2015, 31 (36):  211-219.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080009 Abstract + ( 835 )   PDF ( 1275KB )   ( 437 ) In order to study the effect of urea and straw application on CO2 and N2O emission in tea field soil and provide theory basis for the rational fertilization, hilly area tea field of red soil in central China was took as study object, the emission characteristics were studied after the application of CO2 and N2O by the method of static culture system under indoor incubation condition. Four different treatments (control, urea, crop straw and urea crop straw) were designed. The results showed that soil CO2 and N2O emission presented significant differences among four different treatments. The application of crop straw could remarkably promote soil CO2 emission, soil CO2 emissions were 5.57 and 4.99 times higher than CK after the application of crop straw and urea crop straw respectively. The application of urea could significantly promote N2O emission in the tea field soil, but the application of crop straw reduced soil N2O emission. There was a significantly positive correlation between the N2O emissions amount of CK and urea treatments and the NH4 -N content. The soil NO3--N content had a close relationship with N2O emission of the treatment without crop straw application, while the NO3--N content and N2O emission of the treatment with crop straw had no significant correlation. Soil soluble organic carbon (DOC) had significant impact on CO2 emission, the two had a significantly linear positive correlativity.

  Effect of NPK on Clover Nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia Growth and Soil Fertility after Plantation Liu Yabo and Wang Runfang 2015, 31 (36):  220-225.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090098 Abstract + ( 775 )   PDF ( 1148KB )   ( 473 ) In order to develop organic rice and increase paddy soil fertility by clover-organic rice rotation, the authors studied the effect of N, P and K on the growth of clover nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and soil fertility after plantation, aimed to provide reference for the reasonable plantation of clover and soil fertility increase. A two-year experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2013, clover was cultivated after rice every year and different levels N, P and K fertilizer were applied before winter, CK treatment was without fertilizer. The effects of different fertilizers and different application amounts on clover yield, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia quantity, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia weight and soil fertility after plantation were analyzed. The results showed that the application of N, P and K in the earlier stage had significant effect on the growth of clover, when the nitrogen application amount was 75 kg/hm2 (N 46%), clover yield, nitrogen fixing rhizobium quantity and weight reached the maximum. Soil nitrogen content after plantation increased with the increase of the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer, while phosphorous and potassium content decreased and then increased with the increase of the application amount. The content of available P increased with the increase of N and P application amount and had significant change with the application of K. The content of available K first increased and then decreased with the increase of N and P application amount, when N was 150 kg/hm2 (N 46%) and P was 300 kg/hm2 (P2O5 12%), the available K content reached the maximum. Soil organic matter content increased with the increase of fertilizer application amount. So, N, P and K should be applied in the earlier stage in clover plantation, which could increase clover yield and soil fertility.

  Dynamic Evaluation of Farmland Quality of Yucheng County in the North China Plain Chen Zhao,Deng Nanrong,Fan Lan and Chen Jindong 2015, 31 (36):  226-236.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070156 Abstract + ( 696 )   PDF ( 4167KB )   ( 379 ) This study focused on the dynamic state of farmland quality of Yucheng County in the North China Plain, in order to provide experiences for farmland utilization and sustainable agricultural development in plain areas. Based on sampling, observation and statistics data, the subordinate functions, the principal component analysis (PCA) method and the composite index evaluation model were selected to perform a dynamic evaluation of farmland quality of Yucheng County in 2001 and 2009. The results revealed that, the natural, ecological and economic quality of farmland in Yucheng County in 2001 were dominated by the first, second, third, fourth grade; the second, third, fourth grade and the third, fourth, fifth grade, respectively. The first and second grade of farmland in 2009 increased dramatically in comparing with that in 2001. The distributions of farmland quality grade in both 2001 and 2009 were similar. From 2001 to 2009, the projects like “testing soil for formulated fertilization” and “ecological agriculture park” promoted the substantial conversion of farmland quality from third and fourth grade to first and second grade in the study area, and the grade promotion had obvious regional difference. The dynamic evaluation of farmland quality based on multi-source data with comprehensive index model method developed in this study could comprehensively reflect the overall dynamic change characteristics and spatial heterogeneity of the natural, ecological and economic quality of farmland.

  Quantitative Evaluation of Climate Condition for Sunflower Growth:Taking Hetao Irrigation Area for Example Li Sihui,Zhao Huiying,Hou Qiong,Sun Linli and Zhao Fang 2015, 31 (36):  237-242.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070003 Abstract + ( 728 )   PDF ( 1266KB )   ( 563 ) To reveal meteorological environment demand of sunflower’s high yield, climate condition was evaluated quantitatively in the whole growth duration of sunflower in connection with temperature and sunshine effect on sunflower’s growth and yield. Based on the method of statistical analysis, expanded factor and multiple integral regression, the suitable agrometeorological index was set up including all growth stages and by 10 days, covering the entire sunflower growth and development in Hetao Irrigation Area. Dynamic evaluation equation was established in temperature and sunshine factor by 10 days, by using the growth and development data, the meteorological data and sunflower yield from 1987 to 2011 in Hetao irrigation area. The results showed that the maximum positive effect of temperature was 58.7 kg/(hm2·℃) in the of beginning of June and the middle of August. Temperature played a dominant role to a certain extent in the above stage. The maximum negative effect of sunshine was 8.6 kg/(hm2·h) in the late of May and the late of August. For Hetao irrigation area, the influence of heat condition was greater than that of light condition in sunflower production.

  Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Regionalization of High Temperature in Shanxi 李芬,肖晶晶 and 周晓宇 2015, 31 (36):  243-247.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070099 Abstract + ( 938 )   PDF ( 1167KB )   ( 689 ) The paper aims to discuss the quantitative depiction method for high temperature in Shanxi. Based on the daily maximum temperature data of 69 meteorological stations in Shanxi Province from 1970 to 2013, this paper studied the spatial distribution of high temperature days from May to September respectively, and then based on the high temperature grades and high temperature duration, the high temperature regionalization indices were constructed, the zoning map of high temperature was completed. The results showed that the annual average high temperature days were more than 15 days in most areas of Yuncheng and the south of Linfen, and less than 2 days in the north and east of Shanxi. The high value centre of high temperature was in Yuncheng and the south of Linfen, the frequencies of which were 0.7 d, 4.5 d, 6.8 d, 2.3 d and 0.2 d from May to September respectively. The zoning map of high temperature and the spatial distribution of high temperature were similar.

  Analysis of Severe Hail Event in Huludao City Based on Ingredients Method Ren Chuan,Liu Jing,Xie Yuan,Zhang Haoyu,Chen Nina,Xiao Guangliang and Zhang Yuanlong 2015, 31 (36):  248-253.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070163 Abstract + ( 674 )   PDF ( 5482KB )   ( 402 ) In order to improve the prediction accuracy of strong convection, the ingredients method and multiple observation materials were used to analyze the hail weather. By using general observation data, wind profiler data, Doppler weather radar data etc., the authors adopted the forecast method (ingredients method) based on components, and analyzed severe hail which happened in the afternoon of June 1, 2015 in Huludao City. The results indicated that Liaoning Province was controlled by the northeast vortex. The upper level jet and the low level shear line were existed. The atmospheric boundary layer was fully mixed after ground heating in the afternoon, which provided a strong and unstable stratification. The low level vapor convergence and the strong deep vertical wind shear brought benefit to the emergence and development of the highly organized supercell storm. The sounding features of the west of Liaoning had significant effects, indicating the weather change in the afternoon. By fully using the ingredients method with general observation data, and applying radar extrapolation products, the hail can be forecasted few hours in advance.

  Progress of Extracting Techniques of Betalains Wu Zedong,Hu Xiaohang,Wu Yumei,Liu Naixin and Ma Longbiao 2015, 31 (36):  254-258.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070143 Abstract + ( 1088 )   PDF ( 555KB )   ( 466 ) Betalain is a kind of water-soluble pigment, widely available in red beet dominant Caryophyllales. Since betalain has wonderfully potential application in fields of food and pharmaceuticals, it is very important to establish a rapid, efficient and environment-friendly extraction process. This paper introduces both the conventional betalain extraction techniques and the research progress of up-to-date extraction techniques, and points out some disadvantages of the traditional methods caused by heating and addition of organic solvents, such as easy degradation of betalain, solvent contamination and low productivity. However, as the representatives of the latest extraction technologies, gamma radiation, pulsed electric field, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical extraction and membrane processing can extract pigments without heating, and has such advantages as environmental protection, security, good consistency and high rate of recovery. In conclusion, it points out that every step of the extraction process should be refined and the standard for extraction should be established no matter which new technology is applied in the future.

  Detection of Swine Derived Ingredients in Animal Derived Foods Chen Zhengfang,Zeng Ping,Yang Jutian,Zang Rongxin,Cao Xin and Xu Hongwei 2015, 31 (36):  259-264.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080002 Abstract + ( 888 )   PDF ( 2603KB )   ( 485 ) To establish a specific method detecting the swine derived ingredients in some animal derived foods, a real-time PCR was established according to the conserved sequences of swine mtDNA, specific primers were designed and the animal derived products of bovine, ovine and swine were amplified. The target genes were cloned and reaction system was optimized to improve detection sensitivity. Different samples were tested repeatedly to test the stability of the detection method. The results demonstrated that only swine derived ingredients in those animal derived foods were detected. And the detection sensitivity reached 1×10-6 ng/μL. The established method was excellent for identification of swine derivatives in animal derived foods as it was accurate, cheap, convenient and fast.

  Effects of Dimethyl Fumarate on Postharvest Fruit Quality of Citrus Sun Haiyan1,2,3 孙海燕 2015, 31 (36):  265-268.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080060 Abstract + ( 846 )   PDF ( 1592KB )   ( 367 ) The study aims to investigate the impact of the new fungicide dimethyl fumarate (DMF) on fruit storage quality of postharvest Hanzhong citrus, and determine the antisepsis effect of DMF on citrus. The author analyzed and measured the weightlessness rate, respiration intensity, the change of soluble total sugar and Vc content of citrus fruits in normal temperature storage treated by DMF. The results showed that the respiration intensity and weightlessness rate of citrus fruit treated by DMF within 156 days of storage were significantly lower than that of the control group; soluble sugar content and Vc content were greater than that of the control group. In conclusion, DMF treatment was effective in citrus preservation, it could delay the decline of the total soluble sugar and Vc content of the fruit, effectively restrain the respiration intensity rise and improve the storage quality of citrus.

  Separation and Purification of Phlorizin from Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd. by Macroporous Resin Qin Yu,Feng Jinyu,Duan Jichun,Gong Zhihua and Xiao Wenjun 2015, 31 (36):  269-275.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080143 Abstract + ( 961 )   PDF ( 1488KB )   ( 508 ) To optimize the technical parameters for separating phlorizin from Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd., phlorizin extracting solution of Lithocarpus polystachyus Rehd. was used as material, static adsorption and desorption capacities of eight types of macroporous resin including D101, X-5, ADS-7, S-8, AB-8, NKA-9, HPD-100 and HPD-400 to phlorizin were analyzed. The results showed that S-8 had greater adsorption and desorption capacities to phlorizin, which was 14.70 mg/g and 8.395 mg/g, respectively. When considering the maximum phlorizin yield, the optimal concentration, flow rate and volume of phlorizin solution was determined to be 0.9 mg/mL, 3 BV/h and 7 BV, respectively; the optimal concentration, flow rate and volume of the eluent was determined to be 60%, 4 BV/h and 3 BV, respectively, and the yield was 89.89%, which was 1.76 times more than the original solution, while the purity rate was 10.50%. Whereas when considering the maximum phlorizin purity, the optimal concentration, flow rate and volume of phlorizin solution was determined to be 0.9 mg/mL, 3 BV/h, 7 BV, respectively; the optimal concentration, flow rate, and volume of the eluent was determined to be 70%, 3 BV/h and 3.5 BV, respectively, and the purity rate was 13.51%, which was 2.56 times more than the original solution, while the yield was 83.26%.

  Evaluation Index System of Citizenization of Peasant Workers in Taiyuan Zhang Jianshu,Yang Yiping and Cui Yanan 2015, 31 (36):  276-282.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080061 Abstract + ( 825 )   PDF ( 1695KB )   ( 658 ) In order to provide policy basis for sustainable development of cities in central China, an empirical study on citizenization level of peasant workers in Taiyuan City was conducted. Characteristics of peasant workers were investigated and the citizenization level was evaluated based on the evaluation index system. The evaluation index system of urbanization standard which contained living conditions, economic conditions, social public service, social inclusion, political participation and psychological adaptation was established, and weights of indexes in all dimensions were determined using questionnaire method, entropy evaluation method and subjective opinion method. The results showed that the overall level of citizenization of peasant workers in Taiyuan was high. But it was still in the initial stage as the material citizenization process was far superior to that of spirit, meaning that peasant workers had not finished the transformation from the migrant worker to citizen. Particularly, the level of social public service for peasant workers was low. Therefore, in order to promote citizenization effectively and efficiently, it is necessary for the government to strengthen its effort to increase the financial supports in education, medical care and housing security to peasant workers.

  Consumers’ Trust on Food Label and Its Impact on Their Behavior to Organic Food, Green Food and Nuisance-free Agricultural Product: Taking Pork Product as an Example Liu Zengjin,Qiao Juan and Xu Linjun 2015, 31 (36):  283-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080145 Abstract + ( 1005 )   PDF ( 637KB )   ( 804 ) In order to study the influencing factors of consumers’ behavior to organic food, green food and nuisance-free agricultural product and solve the internal problem of food label trust variable, 392 consumer questionnaires in Xi’an were collected, pork product was taken as an example, and the bivariate Probit model was used to study the effect of consumers’ trust on food label and its impact on their behavior. The results indicated that consumers’ trust in food label had significantly positive effect on consumers’ behavior. Neglecting of the internal problem of consumers’ trust would lead to the underestimation of its impacts on consumers’ behavior. In addition, cognitive of label, personal monthly income, any children and the elderly in the family significantly influenced consumers’ behavior. Government should mainly strengthen publicity of label, enforce quality supervision and safety standards.