Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.35 Published:18 December 2015

  Comparative study on winter environmental indices of beef cattle farms in Zhaosu and Baicheng counties in Xinjiang 2015, 31 (35):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070182 Abstract + ( 3628 )   PDF ( 786KB )   ( 599 ) In order to compare environment changes of beef cattle farms in southern and northern Xinjiang in winter, environmental indices including the illumination, temperature, humidity, noise, concentrations of CO2, NH3, CH4, PM10 and TSP were measured in two typical beef cattle farms which were located in Baicheng County (BC) in southern Xinjiang and Zhaosu County (ZC) in northern Xinjiang. The indices were measured at 08:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 21:00 in 5 consecutive days. And the 24-hour change of the above indices was also measured in 3 consecutive days. Then these indices were compared between the two beef cattle farms. The results showed that the average illumination and temperature in BC farm, the average temperature and humidity in ZC farm were beyond the limit of the national standard of the Environmental Quality Standards of Livestock and Poultry Farms (NY/T 388—1999). In addition, both the average temperature and humidity in BC farm were extremely lower than that in ZC (P＜0.01). Concentration of CO2 in ZC farm was far beyond the limit of NY/T 388—1999. In addition, concentrations of CO2 and NH3 were extremely lower in BC farm than that in ZC farm (P＜0.01). The 24-hour change of the above parameters showed that the temperature in both the two farms was lower than the limit of NY/T 388—1999. The humidity in BC farm ranged from 52.7% to 86.4%, and the humidity of 12 hours in one day was over the limit of NY/T 388—1999; the humidity in ZC farm ranged from 69.4% to 97.4%, and the humidity of 18 hours in one day was over the limit of NY/T 388—1999. The concentration of CO2 in BC farm ranged from 687.6 to 1799 mg/m3 and it was over the limit of NY/T 388—1999 from 18:00 to 19:00; while the concentration of CO2 in ZC farm was between 1459.6~3392.0 mg/m3 and it was all over the limit of NY/T 388—1999 except for that at 05:00. All of the above results indicated that there were obvious differences of the environmental indices in the beef cattle farms between BC and ZC, the illumination and temperature in BC farm should be improved whereas the contradiction of increasing the temperature and decreasing the humidity and concentration of CO2 in ZC farm should be solved.

  Cloning and Construction of Expressive Vectors of Bovine Inhibin α Subunit Gene 2015, 31 (35):  8-12.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070057 Abstract + ( 824 )   PDF ( 718KB )   ( 430 ) The research aimed to clone the bovine inhibin α subunit gene and construct inhibin pET32a-mat peptide expression vector. The bovine ovaries were collected from slaughterhouses of Dachang County in Hebei Province. The total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed into cDNA. A pair of primers was designed by Primer 5.0 according to the known bovine inhibin α-subunit sequence (Genbank No.NM174094.4). Inhibin α subunit mat peptide gene was amplified by RT- PCR. Finally, cDNA of this matured peptide was further amplified and cloned into the BamH Ⅰ and Hind Ⅲ sites of pET32a expressing vector to generate the recombinant inhibin pET32a-mat peptide plasmid. The results showed that the inhibin α subunit gene was successfully constructed. The authors preliminarily obtained the recombinant plasmid of inhibin and laid foundation for the further study of prokaryotic expression of recombinant proteins.

  Microscopic Influencing Factors on Linear Growth of Animal Skeleton 2015, 31 (35):  13-17.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040099 Abstract + ( 988 )   One of the effective ways to increase animal meat production and hides is to increase animal skeleton. Growth of animal skeletons is a complex biological process, influenced by a variety of factors. The mechanism underlying these influences is currently unclear. Growth plate is the most important organ of skeleton for linear growth, Almost all the hormones and growth factors that can influence skeleton linear growth exert their effects via acting on the growth plates. This article reviews the way of skeleton growth and several important growth hormones and growth factors that can impact skeleton growth. Time difference between growth arrest of long bone and closure of growth plate was analyzed, and the possible cause for this phenomenon were speculated.

  Clone of the ORF2 Gene of Porcine Torque teno sus virus k2 in Fujian 修金生 2015, 31 (35):  18-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060043 Abstract + ( 1020 )   PDF ( 777KB )   ( 504 ) To supplement molecular epidemiology data of porcine Torque teno sus virus in Fujian Province, specific primers targeting the porcine Torque teno sus virus genotype 1a, 1b and k2 were used to test the samples from piglets with refractory diarrhea syndrome. One sample was tested to be positive with porcine Torque teno sus virus k2, then the ORF2 gene fragments were cloned and sequenced. The results showed that the ORF2 gene of the porcine Torque teno sus virus k2 isolated in Fujian was 203 bp in length, coding 67 amino acids. Comparing with other porcine Torque teno sus virus strains, the cloned ORF2 gene sequence of Fujian isolate in this study shared 97.5% homologous sequence with the porcine Torque teno sus virus k2 isolate 2p strain; and shared 43.9% and 47.3% homologous sequence with porcine Torque teno sus virus 1a (Sd_TTV31 strain) and 1b (1p strain), respectively. According to the phylogenetic tree based on the ORF2 gene, the results demonstrated that the porcine Torque teno sus virus k2 isolated in Fujian shared the same branch with porcine Torque teno sus virus k2, while porcine Torque teno sus virus 1a and porcine Torque teno sus virus 1b strains occupied individual phylogenetic branch. All the results showed that the porcine Torque teno sus virus k2 was spreading in Fujian Province.

  Resistance of Salmonella Isolates from Swine Fecal in a Pig Farm to Antibiotics 江萍,, and 2015, 31 (35):  23-26.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050116 Abstract + ( 1181 )   PDF ( 578KB )   ( 445 ) In order to investigate the resistance of Salmonella isolated from a pig farm and guide reasonable use of clinical antimicrobial drugs in Urumqi, Xinjiang, minimum inhibitory concentrations of 58 strains of Salmonella isolated from 550 fecal samples were determined by agar dilution method. The results showed that the resistance rate of Salmonella presented a high level to tetracycline (100.0% ), ciprofloxacin (96.6% ), enrofloxacin (94.8%), amoxicillin/clavulanate (91.4%), kanamycin (89.6%), florfenicol (84.5%) and ampicillin (75.9%); and presented a moderate level to amikacin (58.6%), apramycin (55.2%), norfloxacin (51.7%) and gentamicin (50.0%); and was sensitive to ceftiofur (8.6%). The resistance rate of Salmonella from pig fecal in this farm to commonly used antibiotics was serious, indicating that alternative and combined use of antibiotics should be adopted in the clinic.

  Protection Effect of Fusion Protein ABF Against Staphylococcus aureus in Banna Mini-pig Inbred Line Wound Infections 张兴举 2015, 31 (35):  27-33.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090029 Abstract + ( 818 )   PDF ( 1163KB )   ( 427 ) Staphylococcus aureus (SA), one of the major causes of livestock infection, is resistant to many kinds of antimicrobials. It is urgent to develop vaccines targeting at this pathogen. In this study, a fusion protein (ABF) composed of EsxA, EsxB and Flic was firstly generated. To examine the effect of ABF against SA, Banna mini-pig inbred line wound models were established and divided into four groups, the control wound group, the SA infected group, the EsxB pre-immunized group and the ABF pre-munized group. The results showed that peripheral IgG expression level in the mini-pig pre-immunized with ABF was significantly higher than that of the other three groups. Besides, ABF could activate T cell as well. The ratios of CD8a, CD3e and IFN-γ positive cells to spleen lymphocytes were all increased in the ABF group. In conclusion, all the results showed that ABF could significantly induce chemokine response and was functional during wound healing.

  Correlation Between Body Weight, Gender and Venom Yield of Wild Scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch in Northern Shaanxi 2015, 31 (35):  34-37.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060091 Abstract + ( 911 )   PDF ( 540KB )   ( 403 ) In order to investigate the correlation between body weight, gender and venom yield of wild scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch in Northern Shaanxi, venom yield of scorpion was analyzed. Electrical stimulation method was adopted to extract scorpion venom. The results showed that venom yield ranged from (5.72±1.64) to 16.68±3.55) mm in the female scorpion (300~1400 mg), and from (5.68±1.54) to (16.17±3.36) mm in the male scorpion (300~900 mg). Thus it indicated that scorpion body weight had a significantly positive correlation with venom yield. Moreover, venom yield of male scorpions (500~900 mg) was much more than that of female ones, which indicated that scorpion had gender differences in mobility and food consumption. These results may lay a foundation for developing rich wild scorpion resources in Northern Shaanxi.

  Application of Cryoprotectant on Aquatic Products During Frozen Storage 2015, 31 (35):  38-42.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100085 Abstract + ( 1347 )   PDF ( 523KB )   ( 637 ) Freezing preservation can maintain the nutrition value of aquatic products. But ice crystals in aquatic products are prone to grow during the frozen storage and have great impacts on the product quality. It could easily lead to the mechanical damage, protein denaturation, increase of drip loss and decline of flavor and nutrition. Adding cryoprotectant is considered to be one of the most effective ways to prevent frozen aquatic products from protein denaturation. In this paper, functional mechanism and characteristics of cryoprotectant were reviewed. Cryoprotectant can not only improve Ca2 -ATPase activity of aquatic products, but also increase pH and maintain the flavor and nutrition, furthermore, it could inhibit ice crystal growth and reduce muscle tissue damage. Then the application of cryoprotectants including saccharides, composite phosphates, protein hydrolysates and antifreeze proteins was summarized. Modern analytical techniques and methods should be applied to obtaining the dynamic changing characteristics of protein molecule in order to clarify the mechanism of protein denaturation in future researches.

  Solid Particle Removal Effect of Parabolic Screen Filter for Aquaculture Water 2015, 31 (35):  43-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080051 Abstract + ( 848 )   PDF ( 705KB )   ( 547 ) In order to optimize the design parameters of parabolic screen filter, a serial of experiments were developed under different conditions, such as screen size, inclination angle and water treatment. Removal rate of solid particles was considered as the evaluation indicator of the performance of parabolic screen filter. Screen size was set from 0.10 to 0.25 mm, inclination angle was set to be 37° and 53°, and influent water flow rate was set from 10 to 20 m3/h. Results showed that the particle removal rate had a certain correlation with screen size, it decreased with the increase of screen size. So the screen size was suggested to be equal to or less than mean diameter of solid particles. On the other hand, the removal rate had a negative correlation with influent water flow rate. The optimum hydraulic loading rate should be controlled lower than 50 m3/(m2?h). At last, larger inclination angle in appropriate range would be benefit for the enhancement of solid particle removal. In a word, parabolic screen filter is advisable and suitable for solid particle removal in aquaculture water treatment.

  Safety Assessment of Prometryn on Human Health and Aquatic Environment 2015, 31 (35):  49-57.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080045 Abstract + ( 811 )   PDF ( 991KB )   ( 477 ) As a kind of triazine herbicides, prometryn has been applied illegally in aquaculture. In recent years, prometryn residue in aquatic products in China has been frequently detected, and even exceeded the baseline of command check set by aquatic products import countries, affecting the normal export trade of aquatic products. However, the maximum residue limit (MRL) of prometryn in aquatic products has not been reported yet. As prometryn is difficult to degrade, it may be a potential safety hazard to aquatic environment. In order to attract widespread concern and attention, and provide basic data for bringing prometryn into the national standard directory as veterinary drugs and establishing normal export trade order of aquatic products, status of prometryn residue limited standards at home and abroad were analyzed in this paper based on the reports on prometryn of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), safety evaluation of prometryn on human health was introduced in detail, ecotoxicological effects of prometryn on aquatic environment were summarized, and the detection methods of prometryn in aquatic products and related risk assessment research status were reviewed.

  Effects of Copper and Manganese on Hemocyte Apoptosis and the Antagonism of Iron and Zinc in Oreochromis nilotcus 2015, 31 (35):  58-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050049 Abstract + ( 1100 )   PDF ( 694KB )   ( 427 ) The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of copper and manganese on apoptosis in blood cells of Oreochromis nilotcus and the antagonistic effect of iron and zinc. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to analyze heavy mental content in fish blood and food, and flow cytometry was applied to analyze fish blood cell apoptosis. Juvenile Tilapia were randomly divided into 12 groups with 30 fish in each group. The challenge groups were fed with constant level of copper sulfate (0, 2000 mg/kg) and manganese sulfate (0, 120 mg/kg) diet, and the antagonized groups were fed with zinc sulfate (20, 320 mg/kg) and iron sulfate (150, 350 mg/kg). Twenty weeks later, the number of apoptotic cells in the blood obviously increased in copper group and manganese group. After adding iron and zinc, the number of apoptotic cells was lower than that of the copper group and manganese group. The numbers of apoptotic cells in the iron and zinc interventional groups were significantly higher than that in the control group. Copper and manganese can cause apoptosis in blood cells. However, those effects can be antagonized by iron and zinc.

  Construction of Digoxigenin-labeled cfb in Situ Hybridization Method of Streptococcus agalactiae from Tilapia 2015, 31 (35):  66-72.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060133 Abstract + ( 815 )   PDF ( 1193KB )   ( 430 ) In order to establish a specific in situ hybridization method to rapidly batch detect Streptococcus agalactiae from diseased tilapia, a digoxigenin labeled DNA probe was produced by PCR method. The sequence between 132 bp and 599 bp of cfb gene in Streptococcus agalactiae was used as the target sequence. The digoxigenin-labelled cfb probe was verified through sequencing and its length was 430 bp. Meanwhile, the specificity and sensitivity of the probe were also analyzed. Results showed that the probe was able to hybridize with S. agalactiae. And no hybridization signals were observed with other tilapia pathogenic strains (Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptococcus iniae, Plesimonas shigelloides and Staphylococcus aureus), and other homologous Streptococcus strains (Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus mutans), indicating that the method possessed good specificity. The method could rapidly batch detect Streptococcus agalactiae sensitively, and could detect a template concentration as low as 1.5 ng/μL. Hybridization signals were also observed with other Streptococcus agalactiae from tilapia in Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi Provinces, and from the diseased tilapia liver and brain. It demonstrated that the DIG-cfb in situ hybridization method possessed the characteristics of rapidity, specificity, sensitivity and could be applied to the batch detection of S. agalactiae from tilapia.

  Overview of biological effect of electrostatic field on plants 2015, 31 (35):  73-78.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070128 Abstract + ( 813 )   PDF ( 535KB )   ( 582 ) The purpose of this study was to understand the special effect of electrostatic field on plants. The biological effects of electrostatic field on plants were summarized in this paper, including its effect on seeds, seedling growth, callus growth, gene expression and storage of fruit and vegetable and its timeliness. The results showed that the impact of electrostatic field on plants was comprehensive and had two sides, which provide a theoretical basis for its further widely use in agriculture. The new method combining biology, physics and chemistry may be popular in the future research.

  Inhibitory Effect of the Methanol Extracts from Ishige okamurai Yendo on Tyrosinase 2015, 31 (35):  79-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070068 Abstract + ( 878 )   PDF ( 608KB )   ( 667 ) To study the inhibitory effect of the extract from Ishige okamurai Yendo on tyrosinase, inhibition ratio of the methanol extracts from Ishige okamurai on the activity of tyrosinase was researched by the method of oxidation rate of L- DOPA, and its inhibition kinetic type was inferred by enzymatic dynamic test and Lineweaver-Burk curve method. The content of total phenols, polysaccharide and flavonoids was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method, phenol-sulfuric acid method and AlCl3 color-developing method, respectively. The results showed that the methanol extracts from Ishige okamurai could obviously inhibited activity of tyrosinase with IC50 being 1.823 g/L. The inhibition kinetic characteristics were in accord with the noncompetitive inhibition. Chemical analysis showed that the methanol extracts had high content of total phenol, polysaccharides and flavonoids, which was (51.37 ± 2.77), (35.92 ± 5.27), (43.16 ± 0.33) mg/g, respectively.

  Studies on solid-state fermentation conditions and its optimization of Bacillus natto 2015, 31 (35):  84-90.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080020 Abstract + ( 900 )   PDF ( 1207KB )   ( 572 ) The study aims to optimize the solid-fermentation conditions of Bacillus natto and determine the suitable solid- fermentation medium composition. The spore number was used as index. Effects of the fermentation conditions, such as a medium component, the ratio of substance to water, inoculation, initial pH value, medium loading, cultural time and so on, on spore number were studied by using solid- state fermentation method, and the optimal fermentation condition of Bacillus natto solid fermentation was determined by using response surface analysis. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were as follows: wheat bran 58%, zeolite powder 34%, soybean cake powder 5.35%, glucose 2%, KH2PO4 0.5%, MgSO4 ·7H2O 0.15%, pH 7.56, the ratio of substance to water 1:1.1, 50.39 g/250 mL triangle flask, inoculation 4.16%, fermentation time 4 d. Under these conditions, the number of spore reached 6.48×1010 CFU/g.

  Research Progress on Processing, Compotents and Bioactivity of Black Garlic 2015, 31 (35):  91-96.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070044 Abstract + ( 1873 )   PDF ( 653KB )   ( 1460 ) Black Garlic is a new type of garlic product. As a raw material, garlic with skin is made into black garlic which is a kind of health food by enzymatic hydrolysis and Maillard reaction under high temperature and humidity. Processing characteristics of black garlic under constant temperature and humidity and variable temperatures and humidity were summarized in this paper, composition differences of black garlic and common garlic were analyzed, biological activities of black garlic such as inoxidizability, cancer resistance, immune regulation, blood fat regulation, hangover symptoms relieving, etc. were reviewed. Then the authors pointed out that the strong biological activities of black garlic depended upon multiple active ingredients which generated in the processing process and made an outlook of the research direction of black garlic.

  Preparation method of producing neutral protease by a living bacteria bacillus coagulans Liu-g1 2015, 31 (35):  97-103.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070162 Abstract + ( 872 )   PDF ( 733KB )   ( 456 ) In order to increase the number of viable bacteria of Bacillus coagulans Liu-g1 in fermentation liquid for producing protease, through single factor and orthogonal experiments, the authors studied the effects of different culture media and fermentation conditions on the number of Bacillus coagulans Liu-g1 viable bacteria. The results showed that: the optimal culture medium formula was soybean meal 1%, corn starch 1%, calcium carbonate 0.2%. With the optimal formula of culture medium, under the fermentation temperature of 45℃, inoculation quantity of 2%, the volume of liquid of 50 mL, pH 7.5, fermentation time of 48 h, the speed of fermentation of 180 r/min, the highest number of viable bacteria of fermentation agent could be obtained, which was 9.53×109 CFU/mL. Under this condition, the number of viable bacteria of fermentation agent was 28.88 times as much as that before optimization.

  Comparison Analysis of Ganoderic Acid in Ganoderma lucidum Cultured Mycelium and Fruit Body between the Ultraviolet Absorbance and Colorimetric Methods with Different Standards 2015, 31 (35):  104-109.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070016 Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 630KB )   ( 712 ) To optimize ganoderic acid analysis of the ultraviolet absorption method and colorimetric method, ultraviolet-visible spectrum was used to examine difference among ganoderic acids (A, C, C2 and E), lucidenic acid A and thymol, and among ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, and ganoderic acid A after the reaction with the color-developing agents vanillin and perchloric acid. After the extraction, the ganoderic acid contents were analyzed and calculated using the two methods taking the mycelium and fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum as test samples based on different standard curves. The results showed that ganoderic acids A, C, C2, E, and lucidenic acid A had similar spectrum with the formation of a peak with the maximum absorbance at around 254 nm. However, thymol formed two peaks, and the trough was clearly observed at 246 nm. As to the vanillin-perchloric acid colorimetric assay, ursolic acid had similar spectrum with oleanolic acid with peaks at 544 nm and 552 nm, whereas almost no absorbance was recorded for ganoderic acid A, indicating that it could not be used as a standard material in the colorimetric assay. With ganoderic acid A and thymol as standards, the ultraviolet absorption method indicated that content of ganoderic acid was 0.7 mg/100 mg (dry biomass) and 1.3 mg/100 mg respectively in the mycelium, and 2.1 mg/100 mg and 4.0 mg/100 mg in the fruit body. Based on ursolic acid and oleanolic acid standard curves, the colorimetric assay showed that ganoderic acid content was 0.45 mg/100 mg and 0.49 mg/100 mg respectively in the mycelium, and 1.55 mg/100 mg and 1.71 mg/100 mg in the fruit body. By comparing these results, it can be concluded that there were significant differences in ganoderic acid content between the ultraviolet absorbance and the colorimetric methods and among different standards. The present study is valuable for optimization of ganoderic acid quantitative analysis.

  Study on the residue of ethyl acetate in cucumber and soil by HPLC 吴育佳,杨仁斌 and 聂红英 2015, 31 (35):  110-115.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070108 Abstract + ( 1084 )   PDF ( 619KB )   ( 597 ) This paper aimed to study the determination method of spirotetramat residue in cucumber and soil by high performance liquid chromatography, and the degradation dynamics and residue rule were analyzed by this method in Hunan, Zhejiang and Guangdong in 2014. The samples were extracted by acetonitrile and detected with HPLC UV-detector. The results showed that, when the adding concentration of spirotetramat was 0.05-1.0 mg/kg in cucumber and soil, the average spiked recoveries were 95.75%-98.91% and 89.37%-99.78%, the coefficients of variation were 1.26%-2.89% and 1.62%-1.99%, and the minimum detectable concentration by this method was 0.025 mg/kg. The half-life period of spirotetramat in cucumber and soil in Hunan, Zhejiang and Guangzhou was 2.67-8.82 d and 1.95-6.19 d respectively under natural environmental condition. Spirotetramat could not be detected in cucumber and soil after 5 days of the last application with recommended dosage, and the residue quantity of spirotetramat was below the MRL value of melon and fruit (0.2 mg/kg).

  Consumer Recognition and Purchase Intention of Genetically Modified Foods in Anhui Province 2015, 31 (35):  116-121.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060140 Abstract + ( 924 )   PDF ( 592KB )   ( 413 ) In order to understand consumers’cognition degree and purchase intention of genetically modified foods in Anhui Province, consumers of five cities (Hefei, Wuhu, Xuancheng, Anqing, Fuyang) were investigated by field surveys, questionnaires, on-site lectures and so on. The results showed that consumers in Anhui Province had relatively low cognition degree of genetically modified foods, 24% consumers had never heard of them. But the purchase intention was not low, 33.80% consumers tended to buy genetically modified foods. Finally, some suggestions, such as adopting various approaches with respect to consumers of different groups of age and education, establishing the archives of food production and processing enterprises, carrying out the regional regulatory responsibility, setting up the dynamic regulatory traceability system and the mechanism of risk communication of genetically modified foods, were proposed to strengthen the management of genetically modified foods.

  Control Effect of Solarization Mode on Soil Root-knot Nematode 2nd Instar Larvae 2015, 31 (35):  122-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070034 Abstract + ( 1011 )   PDF ( 572KB )   ( 540 ) In order to determine the effect of solarization mode on soil temperature and root-knot nematode 2nd instar larvae, the treatments of 0.9 kg/m2 barley husk film, 1.7 kg/m2 chicken manure film and 4 kg/m2 cabbage 2 kg/m2 wheat bran film were evaluated by summer solarization. The results showed that the green house temperature reached the maximum value of 47.5℃ at 15:00, and the minimum value of 28.8℃ at 9:00. The temperature of 15, 20 and 30 cm soil layers reached the maximum at 18:00, while that of 10 cm was at 15:00. The increased value of average temperature was the highest under the treatment of 1.7 kg/m2 chicken manure film, which reached 3.6 to 5.3℃, and the average was 4.5℃. The control effects of 1.7 kg/m2 chicken manure film and 4 kg/m2 cabbage 2 kg/m2 wheat bran film for root-knot nematode 2nd instar larvae in 0 to 30 cm soil layer were more than 90% and 87%, respectively, while no significant effect was found over 30 cm soil layer. The control effect of 1.7 kg/m2 chicken manure film and 4 kg/m2 cabbage 2 kg/m2 wheat bran film for tomato root-knot nematode disease were 100% and 92.3%. It was suggested that 4 kg/m2 cabbage 2 kg/m2 wheat bran film and 1.7 kg/m2 chicken manure film should be used in summer solarization to control vegetable root-knot nematodes, which had the advantage of user-friendly control and high control efficiency, this method was suitable to the green house vegetable production in the north in summer.

  Effects of Temperature on Fecundity of Corcyra cephalonice Adult and Its Egg Development 2015, 31 (35):  128-132.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060125 Abstract + ( 1177 )   PDF ( 631KB )   ( 498 ) The aims were to clarify the relationship between temperature and adult reproduction and egg development of rice moth (Corcyra cephalonice), carry out mode expression, and provide scientific basis for artificial and intelligent mass production of rice moth and using their eggs for breeding natural enemy insects. Developmental period, rate of hatching progress of eggs and fecundity, oviposition dynamics, and longevity of adults were determined at five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35℃) in the laboratory. The results showed that there was no egg hatching at 15℃. At the temperature range of 20-35℃, the developmental period of eggs was negatively correlated with temperature. Based on the relationship between the development rate and the hatching rate of eggs and temperature, a logistic curve model and a binomial model were established respectively: V=0.25/[1 exp(5.06-0.24t)] (R=0.9993, F=358.06, P=0.0373); y=1/[0.0144 526644.37exp(-t)] (R=0.9471，F=26.14，P=0.0145). At the tested temperature range, rice moth adult exhibited a trend of first increase and then decrease in fecundity with temperature increase, and the relationship between adult fecundity (y) and temperature (t) accorded with the binomial model: y=-2.38t2 128.42t-1383.58(R=0.9941，F= 84.28，P=0.0117). The adult longevity also gradually reduced with temperature increase. The results indicated that the suitable temperature range for fecundity of adult females was 25-30℃, and the optimal temperature was 26.98℃. The suitable temperature range for egg development was 20-30℃, the optimal temperature was 26.90℃.

  Ecosystem Services: A Review 2015, 31 (35):  133-138.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-0698 Abstract + ( 957 )   PDF ( 477KB )   ( 1695 ) Referring to the latest research of ecosystem service and based on discussion of its connotation and background, the author comprehensively analyzed the relationship of human activity, climate change, biodiversity and the service function of ecosystem. Considering the problems existed in previous studies, this paper analyzed the research trend of ecosystem service assessment and looked into the future of possible research focuses. Long- term ecology monitoring should be further studied based on ecosystem services assessment, ecosystem services assessment index should be further improved, and the study of ecosystem service function in arid areas should be a new research direction.

  Dynamic Change of Construction Land Based on Information Entropy and Grey Correlation Analysis in Aksu Area 高敏华. 2015, 31 (35):  139-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070013 Abstract + ( 715 )   PDF ( 785KB )   ( 398 ) With the development of urbanization and industrialization, construction land expanded rapidly. The aims of the study were to strengthen the intensive degree and economical utilization of the construction land in Aksu area, and reasonably allocate land resources. According to the characteristics of land use in Aksu area, based on the data of land use status quo and changes and social economic development in Aksu area from 2004 to 2013, the balance and order of the construction land structure were judged using the information entropy of land use structure. Principal component analysis was used to extract external factors leading to the changes of the construction land. Then grey correlation analysis was conducted to analyze the correlation of area proportion of different construction land types with all the external factors and information entropy, respectively. The results showed that the construction land information entropy of Aksu area showed a fluctuant increase trend and the structure of the construction land developed in a disordered direction. Economic development and cultivated land factors had moderate correlation with the information entropy of construction land, and were the main driving forces of construction land.

  Study on Fine root biomass and C stock in a poplar plantation in loess plateau 闫美芳, and 2015, 31 (35):  146-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080071 Abstract + ( 854 )   PDF ( 608KB )   ( 533 ) In order to explore fine root growth, turnover, and its contribution to soil C pool, vertical distribution, seasonal variation, annual production and C stock of fine roots (＜ 2 mm) were investigated in a poplar (Populus tomentosa) plantation in Taiyuan using sequential soil coring method and litter bag technique. The results showed that fine root biomass at 0-40 cm soil depth was 241.8 g/m2, and the live fine root biomass was 168.0 g/m2, roughly accounting for 69.5% of total biomass. Fine roots distributed mainly in 0-10 cm soil layer and decreased with soil depth. Furthermore, fine root biomass showed a clearly seasonal variation, with the highest occurring in August and the lowest in April. Annual decomposition of fine root was 35.3 g/m2, and annual mortality was 98.2 g/m2. Annual fine root production was estimated to be 216.6 g/m2, and annual turnover rate was 1.29 times/a. Total C stock of fine roots at 0-40 cm soil depth was 97.4 g?C/m2, and annual input to soil C pool was 39.6 g?C/m2 due to fine root mortality. Soil total N and soil water contents were main factors controlling vertical distribution of fine roots, while its seasonal variation was closely related to soil water content and climate characteristic. Since our study site was located in Loess Plateau, lower fine root production in this study resulted primarily from soil water shortage, which also affected fine root turnover and its C input to soil organic C pool.

  Research Process of the Interaction Mechanism Between Soil Organic Carbon and Soil Aggregate 2015, 31 (35):  152-157.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050090 Abstract + ( 872 )   PDF ( 577KB )   ( 2484 ) Soil organic carbon and soil aggregate are the important indicators of soil fertility, which greatly influence the stability and productivity of soil. Soil organic carbon plays an important role in the formation and stability of soil aggregate, and soil aggregate significantly affects the accumulation and decomposition of soil organic carbon. The modes of the stability formation of soil aggregate affected by soil organic carbon were reviewed. The protective effect of soil aggregates to organic carbon ccumulation was summarized. The effects of farmland management on soil organic carbon and soil aggregate were discussed based on the interaction mechanisms for soil organic carbon and soil aggregate. The new international technologies were summarized. On this basis, the problems existed in this study area were proposed, this paper could provide reference for the improving of soil fertility in China.

  Effects of Land Uses on Carbon Emission and Its Spatial-temporal Pattern in Heilongjiang Province Chen Jue,Yuan Hongying and Yang Yang 2015, 31 (35):  158-163.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050164 Abstract + ( 838 )   PDF ( 606KB )   ( 420 ) In order to investigate the effect of land use on carbon emission in Heilongjiang Province, carbon emissions of 12 major cities during 1999 to 2008 were measured by land use and energy consumption data, and the carbon emissions model was built. The results showed that: (1) the carbon emission had an undulate increasing trend with the average speed of 305.52×104 t/a from 1999 to 2008; (2) construction land was the main carbon source, which accounted for 84% of the total carbon resource, and forest land was the main carbon sink, which accounted for 99% of the total carbon sink; (3) spatial differences of land use carbon emission was significant in Heilongjiang Province, which showed a trend of decreasing from southeast to northwest, high value areas of carbon emission were mainly concentrated in the industrial corridor and the coal, oil and other industrial resource-based cities, the low value areas of carbon emission were mainly concentrated in forest resource-based cities like Yichun and Heihe. The results could provide reference for the low-carbon land use in Heilongjiang Province.

  Microbial Community Dynamics During the Sludge Thermophilic Composting Process 2015, 31 (35):  164-171.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060130 Abstract + ( 1159 )   PDF ( 757KB )   ( 962 ) The aims of this study was to illustrate the dynamic changes of bacterial community during the process of municipal sludge composting, and provided theoretical basis and technical support to accelerate the compost process. The bacterial community structures and dynamic changes were analyzed by the culture-dependent method (plate count method) and culture-independent methods (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and high throughput sequencing) during the municipal sludge composting process. The mesophilic bacteria (28℃) were firstly decreased and got increased gradually with the compost process. Instead, thermophilic bacteria (55℃) were declined after stimulation at the beginning of compost. Six mesophilic bacteria (Paracoccus thiocyanatus, Advenella sp., Arthrobacter sp., Lysobacter sp., Serratia sp. and Rhodococcus pyridinivorans) and 2 thermophilic bacteira (Ureibacillus thermosphaericus and Geobacillus thermodenitrificans) were isolated by the culture-dependent method. During the composting process, bacteria diversity changed obviously resulted by the DGGE fingerprint and 4 branches were divided by the cluster analysis. There were 6 phyla, 8 classes of the predominant bacteria were gained by the high throughput sequencing (the 7th day of the composting), and 88.6% of the bacteria distributed in Sphaerobacte order, Thermomicrobia class, Chloroflexi phylum. The results of this study revealed that bacteria belonged to Sphaerobacte order were predominant in the amount and diversity in the composting.

  Comparison of Kjeldahl Method and the Dumas Combustion Method for Total Nitrogen Determination in Soils 2015, 31 (35):  172-175.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060137 Abstract + ( 1925 )   PDF ( 559KB )   ( 774 ) Nitrogen cycle is an important research of biogeochemical process. Measurement of total nitrogen (TN) content is a routine experiment in research fields of agriculture, biology, environmental sciences and so on. Kjeldahl method (KM) and Dumas combustion method (DM) are commonly used in measuring TN content in soils. A comparative study on the two methods is conducted by analysis of TN in 10 soil standard samples. The accuracy, precision and correlation of the two methods were compared. The results show that DM and KM have good relativity. DM is better than KM with a precision. However, the results of KM are correctly more than DM in low nitrogen content determination.

  Passivation Effect of Different Passive Materials on Heavy Metal Polluted Soil 林健,, and 2015, 31 (35):  176-180.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060150 Abstract + ( 1071 )   PDF ( 615KB )   ( 771 ) Heavy metal pollution of soil has become a major environmental problem, it is extremely urgent to sift efficient and low- cost passivation materials. The passivation effects of different passivation materials (organic fertilizer, peat, zeolite, diatomite, lime and biochar of different materials) and different application amounts on Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in soil were studied by laboratory simulation test. The results showed that (1) lime and zeolite could effectively reduce the extraction contents of Cu, Pb and Zn in soil by 61.75%, 25.57%, 38.45%and34.00%,16.29%,31.20%respectivelywhentheapplicationamountsoflimeandzeolitewere 50g/kg; (2) organic fertilizer and peat could reduce the extraction contents of Pb and Cu, when the application amounts were 50 g/kg, the extraction contents of Pb and Cu decreased by 27.64% and 33.58% respectively; (3) when the application amounts of sawdust-biochar and commodity-biochar were 50g/kg, the extraction contents of Cd in soil decreased by 21.46% and 19.12% respectively.

  Research Process of the Effects of Reclaimed Water Irrigation on Soil Nitrogen and Biological Effectiveness Guo Wei,Qi Xuebin,Li Ping,Li Zhongyang and Zhou Yuan 2015, 31 (35):  181-186.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070009 Abstract + ( 992 )   PDF ( 525KB )   ( 515 ) With the increasing shortage of water resources in China, agricultural water contradiction is more outstanding. Taking the reclaimed water as an effective water resource has drawn widespread attention. Due to the excessive nitrogen application, the reclaimed water is rich in nitrogen, therefore the suitable irrigation and fertilization model has become the focus in the study. Soil biological activity and nitrogen levels are the important evaluation indicators of the reclaimed water irrigation on environmental safety. This paper summarized the status of the reclaimed water irrigation at home and abroad and the research progress of the effect of the reclaimed water irrigation on soil nitrogen biological effectiveness, soil microorganism and soil enzyme activity, meanwhile future research trends were prospected: the impact of long-term reclaimed water irrigation and fertilizer levels on soil microorganisms and carbon and nitrogen cycle should be ascertained; the integrated research of the long-term reclaimed water irrigation and fertilizer levels on soil microorganisms and soil carbon, nitrogen and nutrient interaction should be reinforced; the pollutants monitoring and removing technology research under the reclaimed water irrigation needed to be highlighted, the completely regulatory system and the safety irrigation program of reclaimed water and irrigation technique should be established; and long term monitoring and evaluation on crop-soil-groundwater environmental under the reclaimed water irrigation should be conducted.

  Meteorological Monitoring and Warning for Waterlogging Disastersin Jiangsu Province 2015, 31 (35):  187-192.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070173 Abstract + ( 1264 )   PDF ( 1403KB )   ( 533 ) In order to implement objective, real-time and dynamic monitoring and warning for waterlogging disasters of farmland in Jiangsu Province, according to the farmland water balance principles, meteorological and agro-meteorological disaster information gathered by national basic meteorological observation stations from 1961 to 2014, as well as soil moisture data from automatic observational stations were used to construct the meteorological monitoring and warning model for waterlogging disasters in Jiangsu Province. Meanwhile, the model provided an effective method for scientific prevention of waterlogging disasters by dynamically acquiring its occurrence time, range and intensity, as well as the development trend and persistent period. The forecasting accuracy could reach 97%, since the monitoring and early warning operational system was applied in daily work from June 2014. Particularly, the operational system had outstanding performance in dynamic monitoring and early warning for the development and progression of typical waterlogging disasters, such as persistent low temperature and rain in the summer of 2014 and continuous heavy rain in June 2015, by providing daily occurrence degrees for those areas having waterlogging disasters. Therefore, the monitoring and warning system had provided important references for the managing and producing departments to timely master disaster situations and make scientific responses.

  Climatic Characteristics of Rainstorm in Heze City in Recent 50 Years 2015, 31 (35):  193-197.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090046 Abstract + ( 851 )   PDF ( 650KB )   ( 504 ) In order to reveal the characteristics of rainstorm in Heze City, a research was conducted by using the recent 50 years’rainstorm data from 9 weather stations of Heze City. The author selected the daily (20:00-20:00) precipitation data from the 9 weather stations of Heze City between March and November from 1960 to 2009, and used multiple statistic methods to analyze the multi-year regularities of rainstorm in Heze City. Results indicated that big deviations existed in the annual variations and inter- decadal variations of rainstorms; there were more rainstorms in the 1960s, but there were fewer ones thereafter, and after 2000, the rainstorm had a tendency of increase; in addition, there were obvious mutations in 1974 and 2003. Before 1974 and after 2003, there were more incidences of rainstorms. Fewer rainstorms were observed during 1975 to 2002. The occurrence of rainstorms had obviously regional characteristics, with the regional distribution presenting a tendency of gradual reduction from southwest to northwest; and the south and the north were easily prone to the influences of different systems. This research could provide some reference for the forecast of rainstorms, the development of meteorological services and the disaster prevention and mitigation.

  Variation of Temperature and Precipitation in Chouzhou City during 1961~2013 2015, 31 (35):  198-203.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070098 Abstract + ( 1161 )   PDF ( 1359KB )   ( 721 ) In order to investigate variation of precipitation and temperature in Chouzho City during 1961- 2013, based on the methods of trend analysis, Mann-Kendall non parametric test and wavelet analysis, the inter-annual, inter-decadal and seasonal variation of temperature and precipitation in Chouzhou City were analyzed. The results indicated that the annual and seasonal temperature exhibited a significantly increasing trend with the rate of 0.26℃/10 a. (1) The increasing trend of temperature was the strongest in spring, strong in winter and autumn, slighter in summer. Obviously, the annual precipitation also exhibited a significantly increasing trend with the rate of 15.60 mm/10 a, the precipitation in summer and winter exhibited an increasing trend, whereas, the precipitation in spring and autu mn exhibited a decreasing trend. (2) The annual temperature had an abrupt increase in 2001, and the annual precipitation had an abrupt increase in 1986. Wavelet analysis indicated that the annual temperature had a 17- year periodic cycle and the annual precipitation had a 17-year primary periodic cycle and a secondary periodic cycle of 7-8 years. (3) Cross wavelet analysis indicated that the annual precipitation had a significantly negative correlation with annual temperature. The temperature and precipitation in Chuzhou City all presented the increasing trend under the global climate change.

  Analysis on the Change Features and Influence Factors of the Daily Temperature Ranges from 1955 to 2014 in Weifang City 2015, 31 (35):  204-208.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070113 Abstract + ( 740 )   PDF ( 647KB )   ( 876 ) In order to reveal the evolvement rule and features of the daily temperature range in Weifang City, the highest and lowest temperatures and many meteorological factors like sunshine duration, cloud amount, wind speed, and so on from 1955 to 2014 were analyzed. The result shows that: In recent 60 years, the daily temperature range was obvious declining. The rate of inclination was -0.11℃/10a. The maximum value of inter-decadal daily temperature range among seasons and years appeared in 1990s, and the minimum value appeared in 2010s. The daily temperature range was the biggest in spring and autumn, and smallest in summer. Among four seasons, it was also declining, and the decreasing range was the biggest in summer and smallest in autumn. From January to December, the daily temperature ranges were distributed in a fluctuating way; it was the biggest in May, and smallest in August. The daily temperature ranges in all months were mostly declining; the decreasing range was the biggest in May and smallest in July. The average daily temperature ranges among seasons and years didn’t have sudden changes in the changing process along with the time. The asymmetry change of the highest and lowest temperatures was the direct reason that caused the declining of daily temperature range. It was positively correlated with the highest temperature, sunshine duration, sunshine percentage and wind speed, and negatively correlated with the lowest temperature, total cloud amount, and amount of precipitation. It was nearly not correlated with humidity. The correlative extent between the daily temperature range and each meteorological factor varies along with different seasons.

  Response of soil temperature at depth of 20cm to air temperature and precipitation in Tibet from 1971 to 2010 周刊社, and 2015, 31 (35):  209-216.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070144 Abstract + ( 938 )   PDF ( 975KB )   ( 457 ) The paper aims to fully understand the influence of climate change on soil temperature of 20 cm depth of the cultivated land in Tibet, and to provide a scientific basis for protecting ecological environment and sustaining the development of farming and animal husbandry. Responses of soil temperature to air temperature and precipitation were investigated in this paper with the observational data from 8 representative meteorological stations during the period of 1971-2013. The results showed that the air temperature and the soil temperature of 20 cm depth increased significantly in western and central Tibet than that in eastern Tibet, presented a significant warming trend, and the rise of the air temperature and the soil temperature in each season and of the year also showed the same regional characteristics. The air temperature and the soil temperature were significantly higher in spring and winter than that in other seasons. It was found that the annual and seasonal air temperature and soil temperature of 20 cm depth were lower than the standard value in 1970s and 1980s, while normal in 1990s, and significantly higher than the standard value in the first decade of the 21st century, anomaly of warming in western and central Tibet was bigger than that in eastern Tibet. The study also found that there was an extremely and significantly positive correlation (P＜0.01) between the annual soil temperature, the soil temperature of the rainy season, the soil temperature of the dry season and the air temperature of the same period. It was found that the correlation in the rainy season was greater than that in the dry season, and there was a significantly negative correlation between soil temperature and precipitation in the central and eastern Tibet in the rainy season (P＜0.05), and the correlation between soil temperature and air temperature and precipitation in the rainy season were higher than that in the dry season.

  Impact of Climate Change on Farmers’Livelihood in China’s Important Grain-producing Area 2015, 31 (35):  217-223.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070142 Abstract + ( 911 )   PDF ( 1051KB )   ( 561 ) Climate change will cause climate factors such as temperature and precipitation to changes, and it will also cause the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events to increase.Therefore, climate change will cause a certain impact on the livelihoods of farmers. In this paper, we take Henan province as an example, and analyze feature of rainfall and temperature from 1955 to 2012 by using the wavelet model. The results showed: the average precipitation and the average temperature showed a constant fluctuation in the nearly 58 years; and After entering the 21st Century, average precipitation has been reduced in the fluctuations and average temperature has been rising in the fluctuations. Through analysis, we found that these changes will have a negative impact on farmers’ livelihoods ( natural?capital,?financial capital, physical capital, human capital and social capital ). As a result, farmers and the government should actively face this phenomenon, take sustainable development strategy and effective measures to cope with the adverse effects of climate change.

  Design of Eco-climate Suitability Evaluation Index and Model of Blueberry 2015, 31 (35):  224-229.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080108 Abstract + ( 918 )   PDF ( 602KB )   ( 410 ) In order to evaluate the suitability of the eco-climate resources for the growth and development of blueberry, the evaluation index system of eco-climate suitability of blueberry was established based on the scientific, systematic, practical and dynamic principles, 12 indexes from 3 aspects (the ecological environment, the climate condition in growth period and field management level) were selected. The membership functions of the soil, temperature and other factors on the eco-climate suitability of blueberry were established by the fuzzy mathematics theory, meanwhile, a two-level hierarchy evaluation model was constructed combined with the expert scoring method of the weight of each factor. The eco-climate suitability degree of blueberry in the specific cultivation land and time period could be determined by the evaluation model. This study filled up the blank of the fuzzy evaluation of the eco-climate suitability of blueberry in China, provided a scientific basis for introduction, garden establishment, yield and quality prediction, and meteorological disaster assessment.

  Characteristics Analysis of Haze Disasters and Countermeasures in West Plain of Shandong 2015, 31 (35):  230-235.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060145 Abstract + ( 959 )   PDF ( 698KB )   ( 461 ) The paper aims to explore the occurrence of haze disaster in west plain of Shandong, the authors analyzed the changes and characteristics of haze disasters in Liaocheng in nearly 53 years, explored the occurrence of haze disaster in west plain of Shandong. The results showed that: haze disasters had wave trend, increased from 1961 to 1981, decreased from 1982 to 2010, rapidly grew in the past 3 years, the maximum number of hazard days were 157 in 2013; the seasonal variation was the most in autumn and winter, while the least in summer; monthly variation characteristics had a‘V’-shaped trend, the number of variation was the most in December, followed by that in January, and the least in August. Haze disaster occurred most frequently in Guanxian, followed by that in Yanggu, and occurred least in Shenxian. Strengthening cooperation of government departments, reducing contamination, enhancing defense mechanism, optimizing urban plan, increasing urban green space, and developing ecological agriculture were approaches to defense haze.

  OpenCV-Based Measurement System for Plant Leaf Geometry Parameters Using Android Mobile Phone 2015, 31 (35):  236-244.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080012 Abstract + ( 2195 )   PDF ( 1056KB )   ( 674 ) The study aims to use Android mobile phone to measure the plant leaf geometry parameters, including length, width, perimeter, area, etc., to avoid the weakness of other methods and improve the data collection efficiency. Firstly, the authors obtained the image of leaf and a known size rectangular box. Then, the image correction was conducted to eliminate the distortion. In the correction step, a more robust method of detecting the feature points was used instead of the method of Hough transform to process the rectangular box and got its 4 corner points. According to these points and the corner points of the standard image, the authors mapped the matrix to make the image correction. Finally, the authors calculated the leaf geometry parameters by processing the corrected image. The parameters were calculated based on the leaf contour. There were 3 advantages of using contour: it can avoid the phenomenon of mistaking noise pixels for leaf pixels in the counting pixels method; morphological processing which was used for eliminating the gap and discontinuity of leaf would not be necessary; it was convenient to obtain the geometry parameters because all of them were calculated based on the contour. And there were 2 methods that users could choose to calculate the length and width. In addition, the OpenCV-Android-SDK was used in programing which could process image fast. The results showed that: in the accuracy test, the measurement error of printed regular shape geometry parameters was less than 2%; and in the measurement of real leaves, the error of length and width were less than 2%, the error of perimeter was under 4% and the error of area was below 3%. In the accuracy test, it was faster by using OpenCV in the same image processing algorithm. In test of several phones of different configurations, all phones processed a 2448×3264 resolution leaf image within 3 seconds. Moreover, for the same image, different phones had the same measurement results. The experiment results showed that this system not only had the advantages of easy operation, fast speed, strong universality, but also had a high accuracy on the measurement of leaf geometry parameters.

  Prediction Method Study of the Remaining Useful Life of plant new varieties rights 2015, 31 (35):  245-251.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070061 Abstract + ( 969 )   PDF ( 578KB )   ( 412 ) For the problem that the remaining useful life of plant new variety right is difficult to determine when economic analysis is conducted, this paper uses the Weibull Survival Analysis Method and Gauss Model to study how to accurately estimate the remaining useful life of plant new variety right. The results showed that the average life of the rice granted varieties was 10.013 years, and with the increase of the age of plant variety rights, the probability that the same residual life Tt reached x was more and more small, the reliability was more and more low, the greater was the probability of the invalid variety right; the remaining useful life of a specific rice granted variety was closely related to the demonstration promotion age which the rice granted variety reached its maximum area, when the rice granted variety achieved the demonstration promotion age of the maximum area, the emergence of alternative varieties would make its promotion area decrease, accordingly its remaining useful life would be shortened. Therefore, using Weibull Survival Analysis Method and Gauss Model could describe the remaining useful life’s time trend, but also determine the remaining useful life of a concrete plant variety right, and clarify the entire life time of varieties rights, and make the economic analysis of plant new varieties rights more accurate and reasonable.

  Effect and Influencing Factors of Government-oriented Poverty Alleviation Projects in Agriculture——Based on Investigation of Tibetan Chicken Breeding 吕亚荣,许媛媛 and 孙焕明 2015, 31 (35):  252-257.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050061 Abstract + ( 940 )   PDF ( 525KB )   ( 463 ) To evaluate the effect of the poverty alleviation project and improve the use of poverty alleviation project funds, based on a field survey, this paper focused on the research of two Tibetan chicken breeding cases in Zhaxi and Layu Village in Shannan Prefecture using the method of benefit analysis and comparative analysis. The results showed that the effect of poverty alleviation projects for those small villages in Tibet was not obvious. The main obstacles to the poverty alleviation projects were severe natural conditions, weak infrastructure, out- of- date regulation system, lack of encouragement mechanism and traditional religious ideas. As a onsequence, conducting poverty alleviation project in those small villages in Tibet, the problem of inaccurate positioning should be solved first.

  Research on coordinate development of population and land urbanization in Henan province 2015, 31 (35):  258-263.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070133 Abstract + ( 816 )   PDF ( 653KB )   ( 597 ) The coordinated development level of population and land urbanization in Henan Province was studied in order to promote the healthy development of urbanization. The index weight of 14 indexes selected from resources and environment, economy and society indicators in population and land urbanization were determined by the method of entropy evaluation method. The results showed that: (1) the indexes of population urbanization increased from 2000 to 2014, the increasing range of living standard and population composition grew faster than that of industrial structure and population quality significantly, the urban scale index＞ the output index＞ the input index from 2000 to 2006, the input index exceeded the other two indexes in 2008; (2) the coordinated development level in Henan Province had experienced 3 development phases, which were the disorder phase (2000—2004), the transition phase (2005) and the coordination phase (2006—2014), and the degree of oordinated development increased from 0.15 to 0.99; (3) the index of population and land urbanization in Henan Province showed an increasing trend, the land urbanization index exceeded the population urbanization index in 2013, when Henan came to the stage with the high quality coordinated development. This study concluded the evolution rule of the population- land coordinated development in Henan, which provided practical guidance for promoting the‘three coordination’of the Central Plains Economic Zone development and the social comprehensive progress.

  Effect of Agricultural Productive Service on Farmland Operation Scale Li Yingming,Wang Xu and Liu Yang 2015, 31 (35):  264-272.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050104 Abstract + ( 793 )   PDF ( 624KB )   ( 475 ) Appropriate operation scale of farmland is the key to improve agricultural competitive capacity and speed up agriculture transformation. Agricultural productive service is an important factor affecting farmland operation scale. To study different effects of different types of agricultural productive service on farmland scale, sample of 1121 households in 10 provinces in China was analyzed. Correlation analysis between farmland scale and agricultural productive service was conducted using stepwise regression of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). The results showed that agricultural productive service had significantly positive effect on farmland operation scale. Items of agricultural productive service were mainly traditional items which could save labor cost at present. Specifically, new types of agricultural productive service such as loan service, agricultural insurance service, farmland circulation service, significantly promoted the farmland scale expansion and had stronger effect than traditional agricultural productive service. The results could provide reference for the developing direction and emphasis of agricultural productive service.

  Empirical Analysis of Consumption Structure of Rural Residents in Jiangsu Province Zhang Rong and 张敏新 2015, 31 (35):  273-277.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060052 Abstract + ( 1103 )   PDF ( 549KB )   ( 481 ) In order to improve the life quality of rural residents and promote the sustainable and healthy development of economy in Jiangsu, using the economic data from 2000 to 2013, consumption structure of rural residents in Jiangsu Province was studied empirically based on ELES model. The results showed that the consumption level of rural residents in Jiangsu Province was improved greatly. Expenditure proportion of education, entertainment, transportation and communication gradually increased from 2000 to 2013. Marginal propensity of consume analysis showed that food, house, transportation and communication as well as education and entertainment were the focus of rural residents in Jiangsu Province. Elasticity analysis showed that food was daily necessities of rural residents, the rest consumer goods were luxury goods.

  Study on Price Transmission Relationship of Celery Between Beijing and Neighboring Markets 2015, 31 (35):  278-285.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.2014-2051 Abstract + ( 1086 )   PDF ( 662KB )   ( 498 ) Price plays a significant role in regulating the supply and demand of vegetables due to its directing of the spatial distribution of vegetables automatically. This paper studied price transmission relationship of celery between different wholesale markets of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei Province, Shandong Province and Liaoning Provinces. The results showed that the celery price had a strong transmission from Beijing market to Hebei and Tianjin market; the reaction of the celery price in Hebei market presented the same direction as that of Beijing and the conducting strength was from strong to weak, Tianjin market had more intense response to the Beijing market in celery price change. Celery price variance of outside Beijing markets explained by the Beijing section was 30% or less, but the contribution of Beijing market to the price variance of celery in Tianjin and Hebei markets was more than 80%. It was obviously that the impact of celery price changes in markets outside Beijing was small on the Beijing market, but the celery price changes in Tianjin and Hebei markets which were closer to Beijing market were influenced by Beijing market greatly. Therefore, improving the self-sufficiency rate of celery as the representative of leafy vegetables in Beijing market and the degree of information interaction of price and market supply and demand between Beijing and neighboring markets is significant for ensuring stable celery prices and enhancing efficiency of resource allocation.

  Training Mode of Agricultural Talents with Practical Skills 2015, 31 (35):  286-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15100043 Abstract + ( 898 )   PDF ( 506KB )   ( 587 ) Agricultural talents with practical skills are an important part of agricultural and rural talent team. They are talents supporting the transformation of agricultural development model and developing modern agriculture. Training of agricultural talents with practical skills in China has achieved certain results. Quantity and quality of agricultural talents has been increasing. To speed up the training process of agricultural talents with practical skills, promote employment transfer, increase farmers’income and provide talents support for the development of agricultural industry, the training modes of agricultural talents in China were briefly introduced and the existing problems were analyzed. Then, the main practices and features of the training modes in the developed countries were analyzed and the experiences worth learning were provided. In the end, policy suggestions such as strengthening leadership, increasing investment, enhancing the top-level design and completing the basic technical support system were put forward to promote China’s training ability on agricultural talents with practical skills.