Abstract: In order to understand the development trend of dryland wheat breeding in southern Shanxi Province, agronomic characters of 121 wheat lines in dryland regional trial in southern Shanxi from 2006 to 2015 were analyzed by comparison analysis, correlation analysis and path analysis methods. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of unit area yield was the highest, 29.74%. The variation coefficient of three factors of yield showed effective spikes numbers > grains per spike >1000-grain weight. The correlation analysis showed that the yield was xtremely and significantly positive correlated with the, effective spike number（0.869**）, plant height（0.878**）, grains per spike（0.775**）, effective tiller rate（0.735*）, 1000-grain weight（0.593**）, spike length（0.519**） and the number of higtest total tiller（0.371**）, and was significantly positive correlated with basic seedling（0.191*）, and was significantly negatinely correlated with growth period（-0.291**）. Path analysis showed that effective spikes numbers, grains per spike ,1000- grain weight, plant height, effective tiller rate and growth period had a greater direct contribution to the unit area yield. That is effective spikes numbers（0.591）＞grains per spike（0.373）＞1000- grain weight（0.266）＞plant height（0.093）＞effective tiller rate（｜-0.069｜）＞growth period（0.059）.There were 97.65% variation of unit area yield was decided by there main factors. According to the analysis results and ecological conditions in southern Shanxi Province, the dryland wheat varieties with agronomic traits of middle plant height, middle effective spikes numbers, and stable improvement of 1000- grain weight should be the reakthrough point in dryland wheat breeding process of southern Shanxi.