Abstract: The quality detections and geographical origin traceability of cotton fiber, an important part of the downstream textile quality and production , is effective in protecting the cotton textiles interests of consumers and facing trade barriers of cotton fiber.Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR),which is a powerful technique for cotton textile fiber testing,has attracted extensive attention by scientists due to its simple operation,lower cost and no n-pollution.In order to rapid analysis cotton fiber quality and its geographical origin traceability,this paper introduces the principle of near infrared spectroscopy analysis and process,described the near infrared spectral analysis technology in the cotton fiber quality testing and origin traceability of the domestic and foreign research present situation,analysis of near-infrared spectroscopy applied in cotton fiber quality testing and the advantage of origin traceability and need to solve problems, and prospects the near infrared spectroscopy in cotton fiber quality testing and development trend of origin traceability.