Abstract: To deeply know the Sino-Russian trade potential of agricultural products under the Belt and Road initiative and find the main factors affecting the growth of agricultural trade between China and Russia, the similarity, complementarity and growth potential of Sino-Russian trade on agricultural products were analyzed by using Constant Market Share model based on UN Comtrade data from 2001 to 2013. Results showed that market demand was the key factor promoting the growth of agricultural products trade, while export structure restricted the growth of agricultural products trade from China to Russia, and export competitiveness restricted the growth of agricultural product trade from Russia to China. Therefore, China should reinforce information communication and cultivate large-scale agricultural businesses to adjust supply structure of agricultural products. Meanwhile, China should establish early price warning and prevention mechanism to cope with the price and quality changes of Russian agricultural products.