Abstract: By using the conventional meteorological observation data, NCEP/NCAR 1°× 1° reanalysis data and radiosonde data, adopting synoptic meteorology principle and methods, the influenced system configuration, cold air path and changing circumstance of the high and low air circulation, and physical characteristics of the cold wave weather process in Shanxi during the spring festival on January 21-24, 2016 were analyzed. The results showed that: this was a “horizontal groove type” cold wave process, the cold eddy in the east of Lake Baikal of 500 hPa guiding the cold air, and the cold air path belonged to the west by northwest, and strengthening south of the ground cold high induced the cold wave in Shanxi; the main cause of temperature drop was the puissant cold advection in 850 hPa; but due to the cold air moving path by west, and cold high pressure subject was north, caused by the cooling rate only individual site break through the historical extreme value. Water vapor condition was bad, so precipitation was less; plus-minus surface variation in 3 hours was up to 10 hPa, which was beneficial to produce allobaric wind, then formed the strong wind weather.