Abstract: Black soil area in Northeast China is an important grain production base, fertility decline and soil erosion appeared in recent years. Evaluation index system of black soil protection was established to evaluate and supervise the condition of black soil protection, to improve soil quality, protect farmland ecological environment and increase farmland output. Based on field investigations in the black soil area in Northeast China, the authors selected 14 first-class indexes and 15 second-class indexes to construct an evaluation index system, then used the analytic hierarchy process combined with expert opinions to determine the index weight and construct the comprehensive evaluation index model. The results showed that after selection and calculation, the first-class indexes of farmland fertility (weight 0.4700), farmland environment (weight 0.3093), farmland management (weight 0.1517), farmland output (weight 0.0690) and the second- class indexes of organic matter (weight 0.1773), thickness of black soil layer (weight 0.1590), total nitrogen (weight 0.0955), gully erosion area (weight 0.0777) farmland output (weight 0.0690) were used to evaluated the situation of improvement and deterioration of black soil, and establish the comprehensive evaluation index based on weights. Using this evaluation index system to evaluate the protection effect of the black soil area in Northeast China could provide a solid foundation for sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China.