Abstract: Through the inspection and retrieval of a large number of original literatures, the history of Shanxi agricultural science and technology development during the Republic of China can be elucidated. This paper expounds the establishment of the main agricultural institutions and schools in Shanxi, and introduces the scientific and technological activities of the agricultural institutions and schools from three aspects: breeding fine varieties, promoting agricultural technology and carrying out scientific experiments. The results and limitations of the agricultural science and technology activities in Shanxi during the period of the Republic of China is summarized roughly: those kinds of agricultural improving measures employed by the Beiyang government and the local Shanxi government exerted certain effects on the dissemination of agricultural scientific and technological knowledge and the restoration of agricultural production. To pay attention to the enhancement of the research capacity during the variety introduction and to specially focus on the competitive edge of the cotton industry are similar with the present practices including strengthening basic research, enhancing innovation, developing characteristic industries and accelerating the pace of poverty relief. Stability of social environment and a correct guiding ideology is the guarantee of a successful social cause.