Abstract: The authors studied the change characters of soil physical and chemical indexes of continuous cropping cotton fields with different yield levels by the methods of field investigation and sampling. The results showed that with the increase of cotton yield, the depth of plough layer and the thickness of plough bottom both increased, but the difference was not significant; soil compaction, bulk density and salt content all appeared decreasing trends, soil compaction of high yield field was significantly lower than that of middle and low yield fields in 10-46 cm soil layer, topsoil bulk density and soil salt content of high yield field were significantly lower than that of medium and low yield fields, but compared with medium and low yield fields, soil clay of high yield field increased, and certain percentage of clay could improve soil water retention. Topsoil organic matter and available nitrogen content of high yield field were higher, which followed the order of high yield field＞ middle yield field＞ low yield field, but no significant difference was found between available phosphorus and available potassium. From the point of yield components, boll number per plant was the main factor that affected production, followed by single boll weight, and lint had no obvious effect.