Abstract: In order to provide scientific basis for protecting the ecological environment of Shiyang river basin, the author analyzed the change tendency of the ecological environment before and after the treatment of Shiyang river basin, which took the climate change and human activities as the main factors. The results showed that the temperature significantly increased, the precipitation slightly increased, the sunshine hours increased, and the evaporation volume increased in Shiyang river basin from 1987 to 2016. The area of vegetation coverage increased, and the area of NDVI increased by 0.9% from 0.3-0.5 in 2007 to 2016 year compared with 2000-2006 year. Since the 2007 year Shiyang river basin management, the number of machine wells and arable land areas decreased compared the twenty years before. The annual average runoff significantly increased of Shiyang river, and the released water significantly increased from Caiqi flag station to the downstream from 2000 to 2016 year. The movement of sand dunes and the edge of the desert obviously slowed down, and the groundwater depth recovered steadily in shiyang river basin from 2005 to 2016. Since reappeared water of the qingtu lake, the water area increased by an average of 3.59 square kilometers per year, the average depth of groundwater level rose by an average of 0.12 meters per year. The ecological environment had improved significantly of Shiyang river basin.