Abstract: To study the effects of different soil types and fertility on root morphology of rice seedling, the middle-late maturing variety‘Liaojing401’was used as material. Three soil types of loamy soil, clayey soil and sandy soil were selected. The effects of sixteen proportions of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizer on the morphological indexes of rice root were studied. The results showed that under the condition of clayey soil, the seedling root morphology was the best when nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer was 4, 2.5, 3.5 g/tray, respectively, which was beneficial to root growth and the contact of roots with nutrients, and could improve the nutrient utilization rate and the accumulation of biomass above the ground, thus to achieve the purpose of cultivating healthy seedlings.