Abstract: According to the notice issued by the 12 ministries and commissions issued by the NDRC and other issues on the issuance of the resource and environmental carrying capacity monitoring and early warning technology (Trial) >, the special evaluation of the special problems existing in the main production areas of agricultural products should be carried out in the early warning and evaluation of resources and environment carrying capacity. Based on the main problems of agricultural resources in main agricultural production areas of Hunan in recent years, the 6 spatial indexes of soil fertility, such as organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, slowly available potassium and pH value, were used to measure the carrying capacity of farmland and the spatial distribution pattern of farmland carrying capacity. The results showed that:① the pH value of cultivated land in the main agricultural producing areas of hunan province remained generally positive in 2006 and 2010. The organic matter and total nitrogen are abundant and relatively stable, while the effective phosphorus, available potassium and slow potassium are in good condition, but they are still lacking. ②Bearing capacity of cultivated land in Hunan province level of deterioration and are on the ring of agriculture more developed Dongting Lake Pinghu agricultural regions, relatively stable situation of counties in a circle area two belts "all have distribution, the wing is a good trend of central south north plain agricultural belt and wuling, mainly in hunan xuefeng nanling luoxiao mountains mountain agricultural belt. Bearing capacity of cultivated land quality evaluation as an important part of agricultural resources bearing capacity, to ensure the safety of agricultural products production capacity, ensure the supply of agricultural products, promote agricultural economic efficiency, promote the development of green agriculture and ecological civilization construction, it has important strategic significance to national food security.