Abstract: Based on the comparative analysis of cotton in Xinjiang and typical main producing areas abroad, we clarify that there is a significant difference between the intrinsic quality of Xinjiang cotton and the world’s recognized high- quality cotton (American SJV and Australian cotton), but Xinjiang cotton has its own advantages and disadvantages, and its quality is slightly above the medium, with long and strong fiber, and high value of fiber micronaire. The problems of Xinjiang cotton included the pollution caused by the foreign fibre, the single fiber type, the slight shortness of fiber and slight weakness of fiber strength of machineharvested cotton, the high cotton impurity and supply cost, the low supply benefit and efficiency, and the quality indexes needed to be coordinated and optimized. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the selection and breeding cotton varieties of different fiber types and high-quality, optimize the regional distribution of different cotton varieties, prevent the pollution caused by foreign fiber, establish the scaled and standardized cotton production management, and popularize the application of light simplified cultivation technology, so as to improve the market competition of Xinjiang cotton.