Abstract: To optimize the population structure of rice planting in saline-alkali paddy field, and improve the yield of rice,‘Jijing 809’was used as the material, split-plot experiment design was carried out, and the effects of different population structures on the agronomic characters and the appearance quality, milling quality and cooking quality of rice grain were studied. The results showed that: the yield, the grain number of the first branch, the grain number of the secondary branch and the total grain number per panicle of A3B2 treatment increased by 31.4% , 16.1% , 18.9% and 6.3% compared with the control A4B3. The effective panicles and plant height decreased by 24.5% and 4.5% compared with the control A4B3. The interaction among planting and row spacing had significant effect on yield and effective panicles, and had no significant effect on the total grain number, the filled grain number and 1000-grain weight. Different planting and row spacing had no significant effect on yield, the total grain number and the filled grain number, and had significant effect on effective panicles. The head rice rate of A3B2 was higher than that of the control. With the increasing of row spacing and plant spacing, the degree of chalkiness and rate of chalky grains decreased, which had less effect on protein and amylose, and the variation ranges was 6.54% to 7.16%, and 17.2% to 19.3%, respectively.