Abstract: To study the effects of Sinorhizobium fredii and calcium diphenylurea sulfonate (DSC) on agronomic traits and rhizosphere microflora of soybean, we set up 8 treatments by pot culture and selected representative components for the diversity analysis of community structure by measuring the agronomic traits of soybeans in each group. The results showed that: compared with CK, when DSC content was 6 g/L, the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pod number, seed number and plant height were significantly increased; S.fredii + 6 g/L DSC significantly increased the fresh nodule weight, dry nodule weight and number of nodules, so we selected the rhizosphere soils of CK, S.fredii (N1), 6 g/L DSC (N3) and S.fredii + 6 g/L DSC (N6) for high- throughput sequencing, and the results showed that: the community diversity of N1 and N3 was significantly lower than CK; N1 was beneficial to the enrichment of Proteobacteria; N6 was beneficial to the enrichment of Chloroflexi; N1, N3 and N6 were beneficial to the enrichment of Nitrospirae; compared with CK, N1, N3 and N6 increased in Azoarcus, Azotobacter, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas and other functional genus. In conclusion, S.fredii and DSC can improve the agronomic traits of soybean, and also affect the rhizosphere community structure of soybean.