Abstract: China is one of the biggest cotton producing and consuming countries in the world, its total yield and consuming quantity accounted to 25 percent in the world. China is presently faced with the fierce competitions from other cotton producers in the world because of the decreasing of the tariff and the increase of importing raw cotton allocation. In order to investigate the competitive ability of cotton production in China, fiber quality datum of cotton sample for commercial planting varieties from 13 main cotton producing provinces in 2001 to 2005 were analyzed in the paper to understand the distribution of eight fiber quality characters, including fiber length, fiber strength, fiber length uniformity, micronaire, et al. in the Tenth Five-year Plan period, and the correlation between the fiber quality characters was also analyzed through STATA statistics method. It indicated that cotton fiber length mainly ranged from 28 to 29 mm, fiber uniformity index from 82 to 84%, fiber strength from 27 to 29cN/tex, micronaire from 4.0 to 5.0 in China in the Tenth Five-year Plan period, which shows it can satisfy the need of the spinning industry for middle and low spinning. fiber quality changed with the year. According to ecosystem area, the Yangtze River Region had longer, stronger and more uniformity fiber than the other regions, the Yellow River Region and Northwest inland Region, but higher micronaire, worse color, lower grade than other regions. Fiber length, fiber strength, fiber length uniformity, micronaire and color grade for the Yellow River Region is no more than the other ecosystem area. The Northwest inland Region had best micronaire, color and grade. Statistics analysis showed that the correlation coefficient between fiber length and strength is also remarkable(r=0.7156). The relationship between fiber uniformity index and strength is also remarkable(r=0.5300). and significant positive correlation between spinning even index with Fiber length, fiber strength, fiber length uniformity. Compared with Uster official bulletin, fiber Synthetic quality in China reached to middle quality level in the world.