Abstract: The paper aims to better understand climatic background of short-time heavy rainfall and improve the forecast level as well as disaster prevention and mitigation capacity. Based on hourly precipitation data of 79 meteorological observation stations in Anhui Province during 1995 and 2010, with the help of statistical method, the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of short-time heavy rainfall with three intensity levels (≥30 mm/h, ≥40 mm/h, ≥50 mm/h) were analyzed. The results showed that, in terms of spatial distribution, high incidence of short-time heavy rainfall in Anhui was basically in Huaibei Plain, Dabie Mountainous Area and Southern Mountainous Area. The heavy rainfall zone of mountainous areas was located in the windward side of mountain and river valley, with northwest- southeast direction perpendicularly to the direction of southwest jet flow. Compared with the mountainous areas, the Huaibei Plain was more prone to observe extreme precipitation of more than 50 mm/h. There was an apparent jump to the north of short-time heavy rainfall zone from June to July, about four latitudes, which was closely related to subtropical high of northern jump. In terms of time distribution, month distribution of short-time heavy rainfall was unimodal structure, with the highest frequency in July. The diurnal variation had a clear characteristic of bimodal structure, with prone periods in the morning and from afternoon to the evening. And the stronger the precipitation intensity, the more obvious the bimodal structure was. This study provided an important reference for the short time forecasting and early warning of short-time heavy rainfall.