Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of molybdenum fertilizer on peanut production. The study was carried out in Gelinwan village, located in Yuanyang County, Henan Province. Based on the equal amounts of N, P2O5, K2O, a field experiment was designed with three replicates and three treatments. The three treatments were as follows: (1)the seeds were soaked in water for 12 h as control; (2)the seeds were soaked with 0.1% molybdenum fertilizer for 12 h; (3)the seeds were soaked with 0.1% molybdenum fertilizer for 12 h, and 0.1% molybdenum fertilizer solution was sprayed on peanut at stages of five leaves and early flowering, respectively. The peanut yield was measured in harvest, and the protein content in peanut seeds was analyzed among different treatments. The results indicated that the seeds soaked with 0.1% molybdenum fertilizer could significantly promote growth and nodule formation, improve reproduction of rhizobium, individual plant productivity and double kernel peanut. The peanut yield increased by 23.24% and protein content increased by 1.26 percent point, respectively. Compared with control, the treatment of seeds soaked with 0.1% molybdenum fertilizer and spraying 0.1% molybdenum fertilizer solution twice could increase the yield by 47.51% and the protein content by 2.39 percent point, respectively. The effect of molybdenum fertilizer on peanut yield and protein content reached a significant level. It is concluded that the effect of treatment 3 is the best, and has better extension and application prospect.