Abstract: To study the correlation between community structure of chironomid larvae and environment, community structure of chironomid larvae in Daqing River was investigated in July and October in 2013. 46 species of chironomids belonging to 25 genera and 4 subfamilies were identified. Chironomus pallidivittatus and Glyptotendipes cauliginellus were the most abundant. The results revealed that chironomid larvae community in Daqing River exhibited seasonal and regional fluctuations. The average density and biomass were higher in summer than that in autumn. Shannon diversity index, Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index all suggested that species diversity was higher in summer. Clustering analysis of chironomid density and biomass suggested that Daqing River could be divided into three different areas. The correlation analysis showed that Margalef abundance index had negative correlation with longitude, but had no significant correlation with latitude. Bioassessment of water quality using Shannon diversity index and Hilsenhoff biotic index showed that the water quality in Daqing River was rather complex, with inconsistent pollution levels in different areas. However, most areas of the river reached eutrophication level, indicating that immediate action was needed to control further damage to the ecosystem.