Current issue

• 2015 Vol.31 No.32 Published:16 November 2015

  Optimization of Key Factors Influencing Microbial Fermented Feed Production and Analysis of Composition Variation During Fermentation Process Lin Biaosheng,Luo Jian,Li Yiming and Yang Xiaoyan 2015, 31 (32):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080041 Abstract + ( 1611 )   PDF ( 1514KB )   ( 937 ) To optimize the key factors influencing microbial fermentation feed production and analyze the composition variation during fermentation process, effects of water, temperature, energy and protein on the production of fermented feed were investigated and optimized. And the changes of nutritional components were analyzed during fermentation process. The results indicated that feed with high sugar and low protein content, water content of 34%-36%, higher fermentation temperature was more conducive to the strain growth and the actual production needs. Fermentation tended to mature after 144 hours, the number of lactic acid bacteria reached the peak of 1.86×109 strains per gram, the lactic acid content was the highest and reached 0.89%. With the extension of time, the content of total material energy, fiber, isothiocyanate decreased slowly, and the content of water and protein increased slightly. The content of vitamin maintained dynamic stability, with the order of VB>VE>VK>VA>VD. The composition of amino acids had quality change, the content of glutamic acid and proline decreased slowly, while the content of glycine and phenylalanine increased slowly. Microbial fermentation feed had broad application prospect, as it was benefit for improving the intestinal balance, palatability and safety of livestock and poultry breeding.

  Effect of E-64 on Developmental Capacity of Porcine Oocytes in vitro Ren Xiaoxia,Ma Xin,Liang Lin,Chang Di,Guo Yong and Ni Hemin 2015, 31 (32):  7-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060123 Abstract + ( 942 )   PDF ( 1445KB )   ( 549 ) The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of exogenous cathepsin inhibitor (E-64) on the viability of porcine oocytes developed in vitro. The maturation medium was added with 1, 5, 10 μmol/L exogenous cathepsin inhibitors (E-64) respectively, and the porcine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in vitro for 46 hours, the first polar body rate was calculated. Then in vitro fertilization and parthenogenetic activation were conducted, and the cleavage rate and the blastocyst rate were analyzed. The results showed that the first polar body rate, as well as the associated cleavage rate and blastocyst rate in maturation medium added with 1 μmol/L E-64 were significantly higher than that of other three groups. After parthenogenetic activation, there was no significant difference in the cleavage rate among the four groups, while the blastocyst rate in maturation medium added with 10 μmol/L E-64 was significantly lower than that of other three groups. It could be concluded that the suitable supplement of E-64 for in vitro nuclear maturation of porcine oocytes, as well as the cleavage and embryonic development, should be 1 μmol/L.

  Etiological Analysis and Control Measures of Broiler Intestinal Toxicity Syndrome Guo Xinyi and Tian Wanqiang 2015, 31 (32):  11-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15030244 Abstract + ( 1014 )   PDF ( 1411KB )   ( 745 ) Broiler intestinal toxicity syndrome is a complex syndrome caused by poor feeding and management, drug abuse, and environmental changes which lead to mixed infection of viruses, bacteria and coccidia. This syndrome is characterized by diarrhea, dehydration, intestinal mucosal shedding, intestinal hemorrhage and necrosis and the undigested feeds accumulated in the intestinal canal. In this paper, features, clinical symptoms, necropsy changes and etiology of the disease were systematically described, and the effective control measures, such as strengthening environmental control, deploying feed scientifically, using vaccine prevention, feeding probiotics, correcting electrolyte balance and repairing intestinal mucosa, were proposed in order to provide guidance for the control of broiler intestinal toxicity syndrome.

  Review on Host Immune Regulation by Helminth and Its Products Sun Shumin,Gao Zhigang,Du Liyin and Dong Yanxin 2015, 31 (32):  16-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050054 Abstract + ( 1277 )   PDF ( 1453KB )   ( 694 ) The article expounded the molecular mechanism of helminth, its products regulating the host immune system and the potential ability in disease treatment. Host immune regulation is conducted by the increase or decrease of immune cells and up or down expression of cytokines stimulated by helminth and its products. The immune regulation process is closely related to the secreta generated after the invasion of helminth. Secreta of helminth act on immune cells selectively after infecting the host, stimulate the host immune system response and enhance or suppress the immune related factors to implement the immune regulation. The chronic infection of helminth can regulate inflammatory bowel disease, allergic disease and diabetes, and this type of infection shows negative correlation with these diseases to some extent. In summary, understanding the regulation of helminth and its products and elucidating immune regulation mechanism will lay foundation for drug research and development of autoimmune disease treatment.

  Application of DNA Barcoding in Classification of Anthidium florentinum (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) Yang Minglu,Xiao Li,Han Xu and Chen Liqiang 2015, 31 (32):  22-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040154 Abstract + ( 1263 )   PDF ( 1717KB )   ( 705 ) The aim of the study was to identify a kind of common pollination insect in alfalfa field in Xinjiang based on DNA barcoding and morphological characteristics. Genomic DNA of the insect was extracted by Genomic DNA Mini Preparation Kit, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ (COⅠ) gene fragment was amplified with a pair of universal primers of Lepidoptera insect. PCR product was purified by Gel Extraction Kit, cloned by the pUCm-T Vector Cloning Kit and then sent to a sequencing company. Finally the bee was identified based on morphological characteristics and the sequences in the BOLD database. The results showed that the sequences of gene fragments had the highest similarity (99%) with two unidentified specimens of Anthidium in Kyrgyzstan. Then were the two specimens of Anthidium florentinum in Greece and Russia, with the similarity of more than 96%. Sequences of the gene fragments had low similarity with other leaf cutting specimens in the BOLD database. Morphological characteristics also showed that this insect was the same with the description of A. florentinum. Therefore, this kind of leafcutting bee in alfalfa field in Alar, Xinjiang was identified as A. florentinum.

  Pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to Penaeus merguiensis Under Different Conditions Zhao Jichen,Wang Yumian,Wang Gang,Chen Zhaoming and Sun Chengbo 2015, 31 (32):  26-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060147 Abstract + ( 938 )   PDF ( 1632KB )   ( 474 ) In order to provide theoretical foundation of Vibrio control for Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to Fenneropenaeus merguiensis by different quantities, and under different temperatures, salinities, pH, and concentrations of nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen were studied. The results showed that the death rate of Fenneropenaeus merguiensis was 100% in 24 h when the quantity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was beyond 3.92×106 CFU, and the death rate was 50% when the quantity of Vibrio prehaemolyticus was 3.92×105 CFU. When the temperature was 32℃, the accumulation death rate was the highest, and the death rate increased with the increase of temperature within a certain range. When the temperature was (24±1)℃, the death rate was the highest when salinity was 10‰, followed by 30‰, and it was the lowest when salinity was 20‰. When the temperature was (24±1)℃ and the salinity was (22±1)‰, the death rate was the highest when pH 9, and it decreased when pH 7, and it was the lowest when pH 8. When the temperature was (24±1)℃ and the salinity was (22±1)‰, the death rate was the highest when the concentration of nitrate nitrogen was 30.0 mg/L, followed by 20.0 mg/L, and it was the lowest when the concentration of nitrate nitrogen was 10.0 mg/L. Under the same temperature and salinity, the death rate was the highest when the concentration of nitrite nitrogen was 10.0 mg/L, followed by 5.0 mg/L, and it was the lowest when the concentration of nitrite nitrogen was 1.0 mg/L. The death rate was the highest when the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was 1.5 mg/L, followed by 1.0 mg/L, and it was the lowest when the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was 0.5 mg/L. The research indicated that when the quantity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was up to 3.92×105 CFU or 3.92×104 CFU for 72 h, it was hard to control. The death rate of Fenneropenaeus merguiensis would rise with the increase of temperature when the temperature was from 26℃ to 32℃. The influence of salinity and pH to the pathogenicity for Fenneropenaeus merguiensis might be related to bacteriophage. The results indicated that nitrate nitrogen had stress effect on Fenneropenaeus merguiensis. In a certain range, pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to Fenneropenaeus merguiensis was more serious and the death ratio was higher with the increase concentration of nitrite nitrogen (1.0~10.0 mg/L) and ammonia nitrogen (0.5~1.5 mg/L). The results lay a foundation for the Vibrio prevention of Fenneropenaeus merguiensis.

  Changing Characteristics and Prediction Model of Water Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen in Summer in Xuyi Lobster Pond 2015, 31 (32):  33-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050045 Abstract + ( 823 )   PDF ( 1636KB )   ( 496 ) In order to improve the daily management capabilities of lobster pond in Jiangsu Province and reduce lobster losses caused by the high temperature disasters, using hourly observational data of dissolved oxygen, pH, water temperature of different layers and the corresponding meteorological station data of Xuyi lobster pond in summer in 2014, hourly change and daily variation characteristics for dissolved oxygen, pH and water temperature were analyzed. Based on BP neural network, prediction model of water temperature of different layers and dissolved oxygen was built. The results showed that water temperature of the deeper layers were higher than air temperature in summer and hourly variation amplitude of 10 cm water temperature was most dramatic. The highest water temperature of 10 cm appeared first, followed by 30 cm, 60 cm, 100 cm. The fluctuations of air temperature and water temperature were consistent. The fluctuation of dissolved oxygen negatively correlated with temperature, and pH was relative stable. Compared with air temperature, water temperature of different layers fluctuated in small amplitude with a certain hysteresis effect. Correlation analysis showed that the maximum water temperature of different layers correlated with maximum air temperature and maximum temperature in the lasted 1, 2, 3, 4 days and the correlation coefficient was above 0.8. Average daily dissolved oxygen negatively correlated with maximum temperature of that day and the day before, 100 cm maximum temperature. Determination coefficient of measured and simulated values was above 0.98 and the relative error was less than 1%, indicating that the prediction model possess high simulation accuracy. Prediction model constructed in this study about the water temperature and dissolved oxygen in Xuyi lobster pond can provide a theoretical basis for lobster farming and meteorological disaster prevention.

  Extraction Process of Polyphenols from Sargassum fusiforme and Its Antioxidant Activity in vitro Zhang Libin,Xiong Hejian,Wu Jingna,Cai Shuilin,Liu Shuji,Qiao Kun and Liu Zhiyu 2015, 31 (32):  40-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040163 Abstract + ( 1168 )   PDF ( 1947KB )   ( 788 ) To study extraction process of polyphenols from Sargassum fusiforme and its antioxidant activity in vitro, extraction conditions were optimized according to the polyphenols extraction rate by response surface methodology based on single factor experiment. Scavenging activity against DPPH, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals and total antioxidant capacity of the extracts were evaluated. The results showed that extraction rate of polyphenols was 4.048% when the extracting time was 46 min, the temperature was 70℃,ethanol concentration was 40% and the ratio of liquid to material was 20:1. Crude extraction was purified by XDA-7 macroporous resin column and the content was 61.86%. The IC50 values of the obtained extracts against DPPH, superoxide anion radicals and hydroxyl radicals were 6.65, 6000 and 125.42 μg/mL. Total antioxidant capacity was 65.04 U/mg. These results suggested that polyphenols extracted from Sargassum fusiforme had great potential as a natural antioxidant.

  Amplification and Sequence Analysis of ITS and β-tubulin from Phytophthora melonis Ding Jing,Wu Xiaojin,Lei Ying and Yi Tuyong 2015, 31 (32):  48-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050187 Abstract + ( 870 )   PDF ( 1907KB )   ( 467 ) For researching the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Phytophthora melonis, infected plants with classical symptoms of cucumber phytophthora blight were collected from 5 different cucumber growing areas in Hunan Province. P. Melonis isolated and purified from diseased cucumbers were preliminarily identified by morphological method of observing the sporangia, then ITS and β-tubulin of 22 strains were amplified using PCR technology and sequenced, these sequenced strains were aligned with related sequences downloaded from Genbank with bioinformatics software. The sequence length of ITS-PCR was about 780 bp, and β-tubulin-PCR was about 800 bp. There was similarity between the sequenced strains and the related sequences downloaded from Genbank. According to the phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequence, the sequences used to construct phylogenetic tree were divided into two large clusters: group I and group II, the sequenced P. melonis was located in group I. Since the sources were different, 22 strains from different areas were gathered in different small branches. According to phylogenetic analysis of β-tubulin sequences, the sequences were divided into four big clusters, 22 P. melonis sequences and downloaded P. melonis sequences were in the group I. The results of classification indicated that the two methods were able to reflect the affinity of different phytophthora, and strains isolated from different areas had genetic diversity, but the same source isolates had close genetic relationship.

  Cloning and Bioinformatic Analysis of AlsCBF Gene from Amygdalus ledebouriana Schleche Li Ning,Li Jiang,Liu Liqiang and Luo Shuping 2015, 31 (32):  54-61.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070064 Abstract + ( 959 )   PDF ( 2703KB )   ( 397 ) AlsCBF gene from the Amygdalus ledebouriana Schleche was cloned and the gene related information was analyzed. Thus the study could provide a theoretical basis for the identification of gene function, and provide a source of gene for plant cold-resistance breeding. The full-length of cDNA of plant defense pathway transcription factor was isolated from Amygdalus ledebouriana Schleche by RT-PCR and RACE, which was named AlsCBF and submitted to GenBank (Accession number: HQ908653). According to the bioinformatics analysis, the cloned AlsCBF gene was 1171 bp including code segment 714 bp, encoding 237 amino acids, the predicted AlsCBF protein’s molecular formula was C1156H1832N332O356S15, whose relative molecular mass was 26.5581 kDa and isoelectric point was 6.76. It was predicted that this protein was hydrophilic protein, and there was no signal peptide. Characteristic prediction results indicated that the secondary structure of AlsCBF protein mainly included α-helix, β-sheet and random coil. And there were eight serine sites, one threonine sites. Three-dimensional structure predicted that AlsCBF protein confirmed the characteristics of AP2 domain model. In this study, related information was obtained by means of bioinformatics analysis of AlsCBF gene, and through comparing with previous studies, the gene played an important role in the plant cold-resistance.

  Genetic Diversity Analysis of Major Male Sterile and Maintenance Monogerm Sugar Beet Line by SSR Wang Maoqian,Ma Longbiao,Wu Zedong and Wang Huazhong 2015, 31 (32):  62-67.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070116 Abstract + ( 773 )   PDF ( 1342KB )   ( 384 ) In this study, 14 pairs of SSR molecule markers were used to investigate the relationship of 41 pairs of Major Male Sterile and Maintenance Monogerm Sugar Beet Line, in order to prepare the combination of the fine single embryo, avoid the duplication of gene composition and improve the efficiency of breeding. Results showed that, a total of 93 unambiguous bands were obtained, 76 of which were polymorphic. On average, each pair of primer amplified 5.4 genotypes. The average ratio of polymorphic bands was 81.7%. Compute over-all mean showed that genetic distance was 0.3572, genetic similarity among varieties was 0.6996. The genetic similarities within different groups of genotypes were, 0.7549 among mixed one, 0.7513 among LAN 45-46, 0.7493 among LAN 71-72, 0.7465 among LAN 19-20, and 0.7337 among LAN 85-86. The 82 genotypes were divided into two cluster groups based on cluster analysis (at intercept of 0.2). The genotypes from Major Male Sterile and Maintenance Monogerm Sugar Beet Line showed high level of genetic diversity. There was a definite difference among different Male Sterile and Maintenance Monogerm genetic background.

  Application Progress of Molecular Markers in Germplasm Resource Research on Radix Salviae Miltorrhizae (Danshen) Zhang Tiantian,Jin Haizhu and Wang Hongtao 2015, 31 (32):  68-71.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060064 Abstract + ( 908 )   PDF ( 1266KB )   ( 404 ) Radix Salviae Miltorrhizae (Danshen) is the dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., and molecular markers have been deeply and thoroughly applied to studies of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, especially Radix Salviae Miltorrhizae. The present study introduced the prominent advantages of molecular marker technology (RAPD, AFL, SSR, ISSR, SRAP and etc.) in identification of traditional Chinese medicine, and reviewed the application of these molecular markers in germplasm resources research on Radix Salviae Miltorrhizae. The main problems of molecular markers in studies of Radix Salviae Miltorrhizae were raised, and the prospect of molecular markers in germplasm resources research on Radix Salviae Miltorrhizae was discussed.

  The Distribution of Phenolic Compounds and Polyphenol Oxidase of Ruaner Pear in Frozen Storage Process Duan Ruijun,Zheng Shuxia,Wang Zhenhui and Xiong Huiyan 2015, 31 (32):  72-75.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050033 Abstract + ( 895 )   PDF ( 1463KB )   ( 469 ) This study aimed to reveal the distribution characteristics of phenolics and polyphenol oxidase in different fruit parts and fruit browning at the frozen storage. The total polyphenols content, chlorogenic acid content and polyphenol oxidase activity of flesh and peel of Qinghai excellent local pear variety ‘Ruaner pear’(Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim) fruit were determined by using HPLC and spectrophotometry at three periods: ripening (room temperature), frozen (-18℃) and thawing (at room temperature). The results showed that the total phenols of flesh were more than that of peel and polyphenol oxidase was the opposite after ripening; the total phenols and polyphenol oxidase of different parts increased for different degrees, and chlorogenic acid of peel declined sharply while that of flesh increased slightly in frozen storage process. After thawing, the total phenols and polyphenol oxidase of different parts decreased obviously while chlorogenic acid of peel changed slightly. The distribution of polyphenols and polyphenol oxidase were unevenly regionalized in different parts of Ruaner pear after fruit ripening, and frozen storage exacerbated the accumulation of polyphenols and polyphenol oxidase activity and led to peel browning at frozen storage.

  Determination of Amylose /Amylopectin in Panicum miliaceum L. by Dual-Wavelength Colorimetric Method Tian Xiang,Qiao Zhijun and Chen Yanxia 2015, 31 (32):  76-80.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070076 Abstract + ( 995 )   PDF ( 1577KB )   ( 517 ) In order to establish a new and simple determination method of amylose and amylopectin in Panicum miliaceum L. and enrich its related research on physical and chemical properties, the paper used dual-wavelength colorimetric method and the absorption spectra of amylose/amylopectin-I2 complexes to determine the measuring wavelength and reference wavelength firstly. The contents of amylose and amylopectin in sample solution were determined according to the linear regression equations. Measure wavelength and reference wavelength of amylose determined by the wavelength scanning graph were 613 nm and 520 nm, respectively. Measure wavelength and reference wavelength of amylopectin were 538 nm and 700 nm, respectively. The result showed that linear relationship of amylose and amylopectin concentrations were in the range of 0-0.15 mg/mL and 0-0.125 mg/mL. The amylase and amylopectin contents of 15 kinds of Panicum miliaceum L. were measured using the method in lab. Through the precision and recovery experiment, amylose and amylopectin were measured 6 times and the standard deviation was 0.145 and 0.022, respectively, the recovery range was 85.3%-97.9%. Test results met the analysis requirement. Dual-wavelength method was simple, rapid and accurate and was suitable to determine amylose and amylopectin in Panicum miliaceum L.. The method could evaluate Panicum miliaceum L. taste and quality, and then screen palatability of excellent variety.

  Study on Six Species of Beans by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Based on Curve-fitting Li Huimei,Liu Gang,Ma Dianxu,Ou Quanhong,Yu Haichao and Liu Yan 2015, 31 (32):  81-86.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070043 Abstract + ( 1254 )   PDF ( 1409KB )   ( 574 ) In order to identify different kinds of beans quickly, provide the basis to extract the beans protein and so on, 54 samples were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and curve-fitting analysis. The FTIR results showed that the infrared spectra of the six kinds of beans were similar, but significant differences in wave-numbers and absorption intensities of peaks were observed in the range of 1800-1000 cm-1. The second derivative spectra in the range of 1800-1000 cm-1 were selected to perform hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and yielded 100% accuracy. The amide I band (1700-1600 cm-1) in the original spectra was used for decomposition and curve fitting to evaluate the contents of secondary structure of protein. The results showed the amide Ⅰ regions comprised nine sub-bands in the infrared absorbance spectra of beans. The results showed the contents of α-helix, β-turn, unordered structure and β-sheet were dissimilar in the six kinds of beans. It is proved that the secondary structure of protein was different in the six kinds of beans. FTIR spectroscopy combined with curve-fitting analysis could be used to discriminate different kinds of beans rapidly and accurately and provide valuable information about the protein secondary structures of beans.

  Pesticide Selection for Field Prevention of Rape Aphis Zhu Xuan,He Jianqun,Yang Xia,Yang Yongming,Wang Xueming,Yang Guoan,Chen Xiaoyan,Lou Zuoyi,A Dui,Cheng Shan and Dawa Lamu 2015, 31 (32):  87-91.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080027 Abstract + ( 974 )   PDF ( 1424KB )   ( 556 ) In order to control the harm of rape aphids effectively and select economical, effective and environmental friendly pesticides, the control effect and applied technology of the chosen pesticides were studied through safety measurement, field test and economic benefit analysis. The results showed that 70% imidacloprid WP, 5% diyaling DP, 50% nitenpyram SWG, 10% cyfluthrin EC, 1.8% abamectin EC and 2.5% beta-cypermethrin EC had high safety. Field test showed that those six pesticides could control the rape aphids, the control effects of 70% imidacloprid WP, 5% diyaling DP and 50% nitenpyram SWG after 10 days of the first application were 89.31%, 93.99% and 79.18%, while the control effects of the above three pesticides were 89.80%, 80.40%, and 86.35% after 10 days of the second application. The pesticides were beneficial to the growth and development of rape, and the economic trait of rape was better than that of CK. The analysis of economic benefits showed that the input-output ratio of the six pesticides was 1:6.53, and that of diyaling DP achieved 1:11.88. 5% diyaling DP, 70% imidacloprid WP and 50% nitenpyram SWG had better control effect on the rape aphids, meanwhile they were safe and economical, and could be used to control field rape aphids.

  Analysis of Community Structure of Root Rot Pathogenic Fungi in Seedling Stageof Soybean Continuous Cropping Cai Baiyan,Wang Liyang,Hu Wei,Jie Weiguang and Ling Hongzhi 2015, 31 (32):  92-98.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060053 Abstract + ( 794 )   PDF ( 1757KB )   ( 659 ) Continuous cropping obstacle is the main factor that restricts the improvement of soybean quality and yield in Heilongjiang region. The aim of this study was to investigate the community structure of root rot pathogenic fungi in the continuous cropping of soybean which could lay a foundation for bio-control of the soybean root rot. In this study, the community structure of root rot pathogen in the seedling stage of root and soil samples of three soybean varieties planted in different duration of continuous cropping soil was analyzed by PCR-DGGE technology. The result showed that along with the extension of continuous cropping duration, the index of abundance and diversity of the three soybean varieties of root rot pathogen was increased in the seedling stage of root and soil samples; furthermore, the community structure of root rot pathogen was different among the soybean varieties. The result of cluster analysis verified that both the duration of continuous cropping and soybean variety had an effect on the community structure of root rot pathogen.

  Coupling Coordinative Degree of Natural Resources-Economy-Ecological Environment System in Urumqi City Mailiya Abulizi and Maituoheti Anayiti 2015, 31 (32):  99-105.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070019 Abstract + ( 8837 )   PDF ( 1542KB )   ( 721 ) To study the coupling coordination type of natural resources, economy and ecological environment subsystems and the changing trend of their coupling coordination degree in the future in Urumqi City, with the help of coupling function in physics, a coupling coordination degree index system about natural resources-economy-ecological environment system was built. Quantitative analysis of coupling relationship among the three subsystems was conducted using the coupled coordination degree mathematical model and related calculation method based on the relative statistic data of Urumqi City from 2001 to 2013. Then GM (1, 1) prediction model was used to predict coordinated development trend of the next three years. The results showed that the overall degree of coupling coordination presented an upward trend in Urumqi City from 2001 to 2013, and its value was 0.279-0.502, increased from 0.279 in 2001 to 0.477 in 2013, but its value in 2013 decreased by 0.025 compared with that of 2012, transforming from barely coordination to the verge of disorder. Prediction results showed that in the next three years, coupling coordination degree of natural resources-economy-ecological environment system would be improved obviously, and the coupling coordination degree was 0.476, 0.495 and 0.516, respectively, and the coordination type would transform from disorder into barely coordination gradually.

  Community Structure of Chironomid Larvae and Bioassessment of Water Quality in Daqing River Zhong Jia,Wang Weimin,Shan Baoqing,Xiao Shuang,Zhang Dalong,Wang Juguang,Zhan Fanbin,Li Juntao and Li Jie 2015, 31 (32):  106-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060094 Abstract + ( 1158 )   PDF ( 1742KB )   ( 476 ) To study the correlation between community structure of chironomid larvae and environment, community structure of chironomid larvae in Daqing River was investigated in July and October in 2013. 46 species of chironomids belonging to 25 genera and 4 subfamilies were identified. Chironomus pallidivittatus and Glyptotendipes cauliginellus were the most abundant. The results revealed that chironomid larvae community in Daqing River exhibited seasonal and regional fluctuations. The average density and biomass were higher in summer than that in autumn. Shannon diversity index, Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index all suggested that species diversity was higher in summer. Clustering analysis of chironomid density and biomass suggested that Daqing River could be divided into three different areas. The correlation analysis showed that Margalef abundance index had negative correlation with longitude, but had no significant correlation with latitude. Bioassessment of water quality using Shannon diversity index and Hilsenhoff biotic index showed that the water quality in Daqing River was rather complex, with inconsistent pollution levels in different areas. However, most areas of the river reached eutrophication level, indicating that immediate action was needed to control further damage to the ecosystem.

  The Policies, Laws and Industrial Status of German Biogas Engineering Zhou Wei,Li Bingfeng and Wang Hai 2015, 31 (32):  117-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15090016 Abstract + ( 1140 )   PDF ( 1840KB )   ( 717 ) In recent 10 years, German biogas industry has played an important role in its national strategy and energy system construction, it also has been the leader of the global new energy industry development. Based on German new energy development, the authors researched the development status and successful experience of German biogas engineering, and made a comprehensive introduction from the aspects of legal policy, project distribution, installed capacity, industry regulation and biogas slurry and residue utilization. Through the research and analysis of German biogas engineering system, guidance and reference were provided to the further development, application and promotion of biogas technology in China. At the same time, suggestions that suit the development of new energy in China were proposed combined with the realities of China.

  Research Process of Soil Organic Carbon Storage and Its Influencing Factors Wang Yansong,Li Mengdi and Zhu Lianqi 2015, 31 (32):  123-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060134 Abstract + ( 1348 )   PDF ( 1468KB )   ( 633 ) Researches on soil organic carbon and its influencing factors have significance on the control of soil carbon storage and the improvement of global carbon cycle. The authors reviewed the reports on the soil organic carbon storage at home and abroad and analyzed the effect of external condition on soil organic carbon storage from natural factor and human factor. The major difficulties and the bottleneck problems during the research on soil organic carbon were also discussed aiming at its uncertainty and complexity, and the research prospects were outlined. The results could provide guidance and realistic basis for the control of soil carbon storage, scientific and reasonable development and utilization of land, reduce the negative effects of the environment and ensure agricultural food security.

  Dynamic Change of Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Natural Recovery Process of Abandoned Farmland in Minqin Oasis Ma Junmei,Wang Lide and Guo Chunxiu 2015, 31 (32):  132-136.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060059 Abstract + ( 878 )   PDF ( 1399KB )   ( 448 ) Dynamic change of soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in different vegetation restoration years (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 15, 24 and 31 a) and different soil layers (0-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30- 40 cm) and its correlation with soil nutrients in Shiyang River downstream Minqin oasis were analyzed. The results showed that (1) soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus had certain relationship with total nitrogen, available potassium and available phosphorus, available phosphorus had an obvious relationship with soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, and the correlation coefficient was higher than that of total nitrogen and available potassium; (2) in different soil layers, the soil microbial biomass had different change rules with different vegetation restoration years; (3) the amount of soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus was dramatically different in different soil layers, the soil microbial biomass decreased with the increase of the soil depth, and the difference of soil microbial biomass in different soil layers gradually reduced with the increase of vegetation restoration year.

  Spatial-temporal Variation of Mass Fraction of Soil Effective Zinc in Henan Province Guo Zhenglei,Zhang Shaokai,Li Ling,Yang Suqin,Du Liwei,Zhang Ning and Dong Jing 2015, 31 (32):  137-141.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060110 Abstract + ( 833 )   PDF ( 1557KB )   ( 525 ) In order to analyze the soil nutrient change of Henan Province and provide reference for fertilizer application, spatial-temporal variation of mass fraction of soil effective zinc of 2 periods (1982 and 2009) were studied with the methods of GIS and geostatistics. The results showed that: the percentage of effective zinc in Henan Province increased by 41.67% from 1982 to 2009, the variable coefficient of effective zinc was 29.1% and 37.3%, respectively, in the two periods, which belonged to medium class; the optimal fitting model was spherical model, which had medium spatial correlation. For more than 20 years, the content of the effective zinc showed a decrease trend only in the north of Henan Province, and it showed an increase trend in different degrees in other regions, the growing rates of Luohe, Zhumadian and Xinyang were great, and the decreasing rates of Jiaozuo and Kaifeng were obvious. In the process of fertilizer application and soil management, the reasonable range of effective zinc should be controlled.

  Effects of Drought Stress on Soil Moisture Dynamics and Water Use Efficiency in Corn Ren Liwen,Wang Xingtao,Liu Mingchun,Ding Wenkui and Jiang Jufang 2015, 31 (32):  142-147.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060106 Abstract + ( 986 )   PDF ( 1557KB )   ( 598 ) To study the soil moisture dynamics and water use efficiency under drought stress condition, the authors designed an experiment with two modes including drought stress and normal irrigation treatment, to compare the soil water character, water consumption rules and water use efficiency. The results showed that: after the jointing period, the drought stress effects were obvious and the soil moisture under drought stress treatment was significantly lower than that under normal irrigation treatment. The water consumption after irrigation was significantly higher than that under drought stress treatment. Irrigation was the main factor affected the growth moisture condition of corn in this research area. The corn water consumption per day under normal irrigation treatment increased 1.4-7.0 times compared with that under drought stress treatment after entering reproductive growth stage. The corn yield was seriously affected by drought and declined 54.6%. But the corn water use efficiency under drought stress increased 27.3% than that under normal irrigation treatment.

  Ammonia and Nitrogen Adsorption Behavior of Ditch Sediment After Paddy Field Water-break in Estuary Ji Xianchao,Li haibo,Yu Yanyan,Duan Yulong and Wang Shiman 2015, 31 (32):  148-153.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060075 Abstract + ( 959 )   PDF ( 1435KB )   ( 531 ) Adsorption behavior of sediments on ammonia and nitrogen is an important part of nitrogen transformation process of ditch-ecosystem in estuary. Adsorption kinetics experiment, isothermal adsorption experiment and the influencing factors of the adsorption behavior of sediments on ammonia and nitrogen were studied by simulation tests. The results showed that: the process of ammonium adsorption by sediments mainly had two stages which were fast stage and slow stage, the fast stage could complete within 2 h, and the slow stage could complete within 6 h, the adsorption behavior reached balance after 6 h; isothermal adsorption of ammonia nitrogen by sediments showed a good linear relation, the fitting results of Langmuir model was good. Thus it could be seen, the adsorption ability of trunk canal sediments on ammonia nitrogen was higher than that of agriculture ditch; organic matter, iron and manganese could affect the adsorption behavior in different degrees, and the adsorbing capacity increased with the increase of organic matter, iron and manganese.

  Variation Trend and Characteristic Analysis of Rain Days in Wuwei City Yang Xiaoling,Zhou Hua and Zhang Chunsong 2015, 31 (32):  154-160.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060036 Abstract + ( 868 )   PDF ( 2343KB )   ( 360 ) The paper aims to better develop and use climate resources, reasonably guide the production of various industries and scientifically use water resources and protect ecological environment. Using daily precipitation data of 5 meteorological stations in Wuwei City during 1961-2013, space-time distribution characteristics on rain days were systematically analyzed with linear trend coefficient method. The result showed that: space distributions of annual and various magnitudes rain days had a trend of decreasing from the southwest to the northeast in Wuwei City. Monthly variation of rain days was more consistent, one obvious peak was in July and one obvious trough was in November to December. Rain days of various regions of Wuwei except Gulang had a decreasing trend in all four seasons. Rain days of the year and time also had a decreasing trend, time series of annual rain days had 4-5 years quasi-periodic variation. Light rain was the main form of precipitation in Wuwei City, and it probability was 92.7% to 96.9% of the total rain days. Rain days decreased rapidly with the increasing of rainfall magnitude. Light rain days of rainfall 0.0 mm all had a decreasing trend. Variation trends of light rain days of rainfall more than 0.0 mm and rain days of rainfall over 10.0 mm were inconsistent in the whole city and various regions.

  Performance Verification and Comparative Analysis of Three Heavy Rain Forecastsin Shanxi with Several Numerical Products Ma Yanzhi,Guo Yuanyuan,Dong Chunqing and Zhang Guoyong 2015, 31 (32):  161-173.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb14110031 Abstract + ( 765 )   PDF ( 2143KB )   ( 499 ) This paper is mainly about the performance verification and comparative analysis of three precipitation processes in July 2014 in Shanxi through the T639 model, EC model, Japan model and NECP model. In order to better interpret and apply the forecast products of numerical model, the verification and analysis were based on the objective analysis and ETS score method. The results showed that the four models had good performance in forecasting the large-scale circulation evolution and the adjustment of Eurasia in high latitude circulation and the ground system. The four numerical models had good forecast in basic direction of the rainfalls and fall area, but their forecasts in precipitation intensity and the stability of the heavy rain center were worse than the actual situation. For the ETS score, the score of the NECP model was higher in all the three rainfall processes, and the 24 hours forecast effect of different numerical models was superior to other forecast validity. Overall, EC model is the best for the evolution of the circulation form, followed by NECP model, and T639 model and Japan model take the last place; NECP model is more accurate for the forecast of precipitation and fall area than the EC mode, while the forecast stability of the T639 model and Japan model are poor. So NECP model has the high reference value, it can be used in the actual forecast operation.

  Diagnostic Analysis of a Strong Precipitation Weather Process in South-central Shanxi Province in July, 2012 Li Lin and Chang Zekun 2015, 31 (32):  174-180.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070117 Abstract + ( 838 )   PDF ( 3404KB )   ( 288 ) The paper aims to analyze a strong precipitation weather process happened in the south-central part of Shanxi Province between July 8 to 10 in 2012, the author took general observation data and the data supplied by Micaps system, and used weather diagnosis methods to analyze the effect system of the strong precipitation, high and low air flow pattern configuration and the physical mechanism which produced strong precipitation. The results showed that: strong precipitation happened between 700 hPa and 850 hPa in the warm shear line of the “herringbone” shear line; the large value centre of the low layer of convergence was corresponding to the strong precipitation. The long-time maintaining of the convergence of the low layer aqueous vapour and the divergence of aqueous vapour at the middle and high layers ensured the longer time upward movement of the vapour; the movement of high energy tongue was in accordance with the movement of 700 hPa shear line, and was also in accordance with the movement of main line.

  Rainstorms Warning and Cause Analysis of a Short-time Torrential Rain in Liaoning Province Xu Yaqi,Chen Ni’na,Wang Yiwen,Liu Jing,Jin Xue,Cheng Pan and Ren Chuan 2015, 31 (32):  181-187.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15080035 Abstract + ( 1187 )   PDF ( 2226KB )   ( 407 ) The paper aims to improve the quality of short-time rainstorm early warning, and to exert the role of early warning signal in disaster prevention and mitigation. The release condition of rainstorm warning signal for a local short-time rainstorm on July 15, 2014 in Liaoning Province was analyzed. During this short-time rainstorm process, the rainstorm warning signal accuracy in Liaoning Province was 83.3% on the premise of accuracy on village and township level, and the schedule advanced 37 min on average. But the time of red and orange signal for heavy rain was shortly ahead, respectively for 10 min and 20 min. Forecasters on duty should deal with the rainstorm warning flexibly based on correct understanding of the early warning signal issuing rules, and seize the best opportunity for releasing rainstorm warning signal and provide a good forecast service. Besides, through the analysis of the cause of the rainstorm process, this rainfall had smaller scale feature obviously, and appeared more suddenly and powerfully. But, it was not easy to analyze on large scale weather system, for the potential instability, and the southeast and southwest low level jet were the main causes of the rainstorm.

  Analysis of Dry Intrusion Impacts on a Short-time Heavy Rainfall Process Si Qin 2015, 31 (32):  188-193.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050149 Abstract + ( 1290 )   PDF ( 2581KB )   ( 305 ) In order to research dry intrusion and Short-time Heavy Rainfall correlation in Inner Mongolia, understand the evolution and development of the actual system, and analyze and diagnose its impact on the short-time strong rainfall occurrence and development, the NCEP 1°×1° reanalysis data，FY-2C2D satellite images, conventional meteorological data and the method of combining satellite cloud images with atmospheric dynamic field were used to analyze the dry intrusion characteristics under the influence of cold eddy and the role of the dry intrusion during the short-time strong rainfall which occurred in Xingan league of Inner Mongolia on July 7, 2012. The results were as follows: (1) for this process, northeast cold vortex was the direct influence system, which had an obviously dry invade from the upper troposphere to the lower troposphere and the cold air of high vortex formed low humidity of upper troposphere to middle and lower troposphere, resulted in a vertical structure of lower layer with "upper dry and cold, under warm and wet" and was conducive to the formation of convective unstable stratification. In this case, the ground frontal baroclinity was very strong, so the lifting of warm and moist air promoted the formation of short-term heavy rain, and the rainy time was identical to the time of the strongest lower instability and in the area of upper and lowerθse dense distribution.(2) Comma cloud was formed in the infrared cloud image, the high value zone of brightness temperature of blackbody was corresponded with dry and cold zone, and brightness temperature gradient of convective cloud edge increased with the inserting of dry and cold area, and the center brightness temperature reached -53℃, short-time strong precipitation occurred in the east of the largest zone of brightness temperature gradient of convective cloud and the falling region of short-time strong precipitation was consistent to the moving direction of gradient larger area.

  Analysis of Climatic Statistical Characteristics of the Spring Final Snow Day in Weifang Zhang Qin,Xu Fengxia,Wang Shanfang,Han Xiao and Zhang Xiuzhen 2015, 31 (32):  194-198.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060060 Abstract + ( 1070 )   PDF ( 1863KB )   ( 440 ) In order to better analyze the climate characteristics of spring final snow day in Weifang, thereby improve the accuracy of forecasting spring snow and better serve the local meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation, spatial and temporal distribution of the final snow day, affecting system and the final level of daily precipitation were analyzed using the data of daily rainfall of 2004-2013 winter half-year in Weifang and MICAPS routine meteorological data. The results showed that: (1) the trend of the final snow day was gradually postponed at an annual rate of 3.69 days; the final day of the spatial distribution of snow was not very obvious; (2) there were most occurrences of reflow process final snow, followed by a cold front trough type, the number of cold current snowfall process and cyclones was the least; (3) the order of magnitude of the process of the final snow day was mainly snow, the precipitation phase might be pure snow or sleet, but for the emergence snowfall of greater extremes, the precipitation phase was rain to snow or rain and sleet.

  Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of the Potential Evapotranspiration of Hanjiang River Basin in Hubei Yang Jian,Sun Xiaozhou and Zhang Zhongwang 2015, 31 (32):  199-204.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050188 Abstract + ( 1126 )   PDF ( 2147KB )   ( 582 ) The paper aims to explore the tendency of potential evapotranspiration of Hanjiang River Basin in Hubei under the global warming, so as to provide the reference for the layout of agricultural production and the effective use of water resources. Based on the daily meteorological data from 1960-2011 provided by 13 meteorological stations of Hanjiang River Basin in Hubei, the Penman-Monteith model recommended by FAO was used for calculation of potential evapotranspiration. The Mann-Kendall nonparametric test was used for analysis of tendency and test of abrupt change. And based on ArcGIS, the kriging interpolation was used to analyze the spatial variation characteristics of potential evapotranspiration. The results showed an overall wavelike decrease of potential evapotranspiration of Hanjiang River Basin in Hubei from 1960 to 2011 with the changing rate of -16.792 mm/10 a and with the mean of 792 mm. In summer, the change presented a significant overall declining with the changing rate of -15.149 mm/10a. In spring, the change had an overall increase with the changing rate of 4.171 mm/10a. No apparent change could be found in autumn and winter. The spatial distribution characteristics for potential evapotranspiration manifested a gradual decrease from southeast to northwest. Higher potential evapotranspiration mainly showed around three cities-Wuhan, Guangshui and Tianmen. And the potential evapotranspiration showed an abrupt change around 1968.

  Research on the Characteristics of Meteorological Disasters and Risk Assessment Technology in Shiyang River Basin in Recent 30 Years Luo Xiaoling,Hu Lili and Yang Mei 2015, 31 (32):  205-210.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060065 Abstract + ( 970 )   PDF ( 1570KB )   ( 438 ) The paper aims to provide decision basis for disaster prevention and reduction, and to serve the local economy by comprehensive analysis of the disaster type and degree. The authors researched and evaluated Shiyang River Basin’ meteorological disasters and their characteristics by using meteorological disasters census data from 1984 to 2013 in Wuwei. The results showed that the meteorological disasters mainly included freezing injury, drought and gale sandstorms in nearly 30 years,and the economic losses were not proportional to the number of disasters. Economic losses caused by disasters (except drought) showed an upward trend in fluctuations excluding price and currency appreciation rates. Considering the change in gross domestic product (GDP), the losses trend declined in fluctuations. By using ‘scatter’ method to obtain meteorological disaster losses composite index, the authors graded the index by variable deviation and clustering analysis method, evaluation results were basically the same and fully consistent with the fact.

  Analysis of Cycle Change and Mutation Characteristics of Temperature in Nanchong City During 1961-2014 Xian Tiejun and Zhai Yuan 2015, 31 (32):  211-216.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070179 Abstract + ( 993 )   PDF ( 1552KB )   ( 957 ) Under the background of increasingly intensified global warming, to explore and study the temperature variation over the past few decades in Nanchonag can provide a theoretical basis for local economic and social sustainable development. In this paper, through analyzing daily temperature changing data of seven meteorological stations of Nanchong City from 1961-2014, annual and seasonal average temperature in the past 54 years were calculated; meanwhile, power spectrum analysis, Mann-Kendall test and the sliding T mutation test were applied to analyze and discuss cycle temperature change and climate catastrophe point. The results showed that a significantly cyclical change of temperature occurred in the past 54 years; the annual average temperature and the average temperature in the spring and summer of the year had mutations, and the annual average temperature and the average temperature in the spring appeared a mutation from cold to warm, the climate catastrophe point was in 2006, and the mean temperature of autumn and winter had no catastrophe point. An extremely high temperature was observed in the year 2006, which was the second history peak in Nanchong City. 2006 had a number of records that broke through the history of extreme values, this was consistent to the conclusion of the study that the catastrophe point of the annual average temperature in Nanchong in the past 54 years was 2006.

  Change Features of Temperature and the Number of High and Low Temperature Days from 1951 to 2014 in Weifang City Gao Xueqin 2015, 31 (32):  217-222.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060083 Abstract + ( 958 )   PDF ( 1628KB )   ( 822 ) In order to master the characteristics of temperature variation in Weifang City, the change features of temperature and the number of high and low temperature days in recent 64 years were analyzed and studied with statistic methods such as linear trend estimation, accumulative anomaly, signal noise ratio and so on according to the temperature data from 1951 to 2014 in Weifang City. The results showed that: no matter it was the inter-annual change or the inter-decadal change of temperature, the warming trend was obvious; the increase speed of the lowest temperature was higher than the increase speed of highest temperature. The inter-annual change and inter-decadal change of the seasonal temperature presented an asymmetrical distribution. The temperature rise was the most obvious in spring and less obvious in winter; it was the most non-obvious in summer. The number of high and low temperature days in recent 64 years was on a decreasing trend. The number of high and low temperature days decreased mainly in 1970s and 2000s. The number of high temperature days was positively correlated with the average temperature and the average high temperature, and July had the best correlation. The number of low temperature days was negatively correlated with the average temperature and the average low temperature, and January had the best correlation. In the changing process along with time series, the average temperature, average high temperature, average low temperature, and the number of high and low temperature days in recent 64 years never had a mutation in Weifang City.

  Modeling of the Lowest Temperature Forecast in the Sunlight Greenhouse in Zhangye Based on Principal Component Regression Bai Qinghua and Wang Weichen 2015, 31 (32):  223-228.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060118 Abstract + ( 821 )   PDF ( 1467KB )   ( 569 ) The paper aims to forecast the lowest temperature in the sunlight greenhouse effectively, reduce impact of chilling damage on facility agriculture production. Based on the data of sunlight greenhouse microclimate and meteorological observation outside the greenhouse, 8 meteorological factors which affected the lowest temperature in the sunlight greenhouse were selected and diagnosed through correlation and statistic test. Then a model for forecasting the lowest temperature of sunlight greenhouse was established by using of principal component regression method. The accuracy of model was verified by comparing model simulated values and actual values of the lowest temperature inside greenhouse. The results showed that collinearity existed among X1, X2, X4, X6, X7 and X8. The former 3 principal components could stand for 8 variables, and the regression equation passed the significance test (α=0.01). The regression coefficients properties of principal component regression equation were consistent with the results of correlation analysis, which made the unreasonable symbols of regression coefficients in the least square estimation reasonable. Model precision analysis showed that the R2 was 0.81-0.89 and the RMSE was 0.90-1.16℃ under different weather conditions; the R2 was 0.82-0.89 and the RMSE was 0.94-1.13℃ at different times.

  Impact of Climate Change on Growth Period of Qingdao’s Main Crops Liu Xuegang,Zhang Jinyan,Xue Yunchuan,Guo Lina,Zhang Kaijing and Qi Dongju 2015, 31 (32):  229-240.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050034 Abstract + ( 824 )   PDF ( 1730KB )   ( 633 ) In order to study the effect of climate change on the growth and development of the main crops in Qingdao, using the observational data of the growth period of winter wheat during 1982-2014 and summer corn during 1986-2014 from Qingdao City Jiaozhou agricultural meteorological observation station and the meteorological data of the same period, the growth period trends of the two crops and their responses to climate change were analyzed. The results showed that the growth period of winter wheat in Qingdao City was delayed from sowing to reviving and the tillering stage delay was the most obvious. The growth stages from getting up to booting were in advance; the rise of the average temperature during the growth period was the main reason for the shortening of the whole growth period of winter wheat. The growth stages of summer corn from sowing to seven leaves were in advance, while those from jointing to maturity stage were delayed, the delay of the maturity stage was of the maximum degree. The decrease of precipitation in June was the main reason for the delay of summer corn maturity and the extension of the whole growth period. In the future 10 years, the climate change will lead to the mature period in advance and the shortened whole growth period of winter wheat, and the delay of maturity and the prolonged whole growth period of summer corn.

  Application Progress of Heat Balance Stem-flow Gauge in Measuring Plant Transpiration Water Consumption Ma Changjian,Liu Xinhui,Bian Chengyue,Liu Quanru and Wang Hui 2015, 31 (32):  241-245.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050182 Abstract + ( 911 )   PDF ( 1445KB )   ( 486 ) Heat balance stem-flow gauge is an instrument used for measuring the plant transpiration water consumption rate. This kind of stem-flow gauge has been applied widely and studied thoroughly because of its advantages including accuracy, convenience, lossless and digitalization. This paper aimed to analyze and discuss the application and development of heat balance stem-flow gauge in determination of transpiration water consumption in China in recent years, and provide a theoretical basis for the scientific use and the improvement of method. This paper analyzed the working principle of heat balance stem-flow gauge, summarized the changing regularity of plant sap flow rate in date and growth seasons, condensed the influence elements of plant transpiration rate and introduced the application of heat balance stem-flow gauge in detail. At last, the advantages, attentions and development prospects in practical application were presented.

  Application of Sensor Technology in Soil Moisture Monitoring based on Dielectrometry Jia Zhifeng,Zhu Hongyan,Wang Jianying and Ji Guobin 2015, 31 (32):  246-252.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060129 Abstract + ( 1402 )   PDF ( 1968KB )   ( 564 ) As the development of sensor technology, soil moisture sensors are prevalent in current days. The most popular type of soil moisture sensors are based on dielectrometry including time domain reflectometry (TDR), time domain transmission (TDT), frequency domain decomposition (FD) and standing-wave ratio (SWR), which were analyzed through performance evaluation, structure breakdown, measurement standard, installation, application and troubleshooting in this paper. The results showed that different sensors presented different performance and structures, the measurement scale was uncertainty, and the installation methods included vertical profile method, ladder profile method and single point method. In the practical application, the automatic monitoring of deep and small scale soil water and the unify calibration method of sensor needed further study.

  Multidimensional Classification Model of Agricultural Information Based on Users’ Demand: Wang Xiaoqiao,Liao Guiping,Wang Fang,Li Jinwei and Qiu Chunrong 2015, 31 (32):  253-260.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040080 Abstract + ( 2455 )   PDF ( 2119KB )   ( 460 ) In order to help users to quickly retrieve agricultural information, a multidimensional classification model of agricultural information was designed according to the new characteristics of the users’ demand for agricultural information. Then the multidimensional classification model scheme based on OLAP was also put forward from the perspective of information efficient storage and processing. Finally Hunan rape network information was taken as an example to collect experiment data and classify the correlative information to realize the storage structure of agricultural information classification based on OLAP. Experimental results showed that: (1) the improved multidimensional model of agricultural information classification could more effectively express the information collected randomly from agricultural network; (2) the dimensions of industry, time, region and form were objective, and the dimensions of information attribution, industrial chain and information content were subjective; (3) empty value “null” could be used to express the value when the information was not determined or there was no data in the dimension; (4) agricultural science and technology information had no data in time and space dimension. OLAP multidimensional agricultural information classification model designed in this paper could not only view relevant data from each dimension, but also extract data from different dimensions to analyze in depth, which laid an important foundation for personalized agricultural information push service. Realization of multidimensional agricultural information storage structure was necessary for data analysis and dimension optimization in follow-up agricultural information work.

  Research Progress of Diversified Agricultural Technology Extension System Guo Jie and Hu Baogui 2015, 31 (32):  261-266.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070132 Abstract + ( 893 )   PDF ( 1347KB )   ( 398 ) The study aims to explore the current development of China's diversified agricultural technology extension system, and lay the foundation for the establishment of a diversified agricultural technology extension system in the future. Using bibliometric method, taking CNKI database as primary source, senior retrieval ‘theme’ = "diversified agricultural technology extension system", the authors set 2005 to 2014 as the time range, and analyzed the obtained publishing years and journal distribution of 50 literatures. Results showed that the current development of diversified agricultural technology extension system was relatively slow, and the system was not perfect. The problems of China's diversified agricultural technology extension system were summarized. At present, there are many theoretical studies on this issue, but it is still necessary to strengthen the research from the perspective of farmers, agricultural enterprises and so on.

  Livelihood Strategy and Farmland Use in Yuanjiang Dry-Hot Valley: A Case Study of Xinping County Yang Shilong,Zhao Wenjuan and Xu Rui 2015, 31 (32):  267-272.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15060072 Abstract + ( 854 )   PDF ( 1475KB )   ( 451 ) In order to reveal the relationship between farmers’ livelihood and farmland use, methods including participatory rural appraisal, questionnaire and mathematical statistics were adopted to study livelihood diversification, livelihood strategies and farmland use of the four types of farmers in Xinping County of Yuanjiang dry-hot valley based on the household survey data from 2013 to 2014. The results showed that the combination of agricultural and non-agricultural strategies was very popular in the study area. To cope with the current problems in farming, pure agricultural and agriculture-dependent farmers mainly adopted measures such as expanding planting scale, increasing cultivation input and engaging in non-agricultural activities; meanwhile non-agricultural-dependent and non-agricultural farmers mainly adopted measures such as decreasing both planting scale and investment, engaging in farmland transfer as well as various off-farm activities. Pure agricultural and agriculture-dependent farmers would choose those crops with shorter growth period, more investment, complex management and higher value, meanwhile non-agricultural-dependent farmers would choose crops with longer growth period, less investment and simpler management. As farmers were transforming from pure agriculture to non-agriculture, the process of farmland transfer also accelerated.

  Study on Compensation Policy of Agricultural Planting Structure Adjustment Liu Yang,Li Yingming,Jiang Luguang and Zhou Jinzhi 2015, 31 (32):  273-278.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070082 Abstract + ( 1248 )   PDF ( 2217KB )   ( 446 ) In order to solve the potential loss of farmers from agricultural planting structure adjustment, it is necessary to develop compensation policy to protect the interests of farmers at national level. In this paper, a questionnaire survey of 400 households in Xiangtan, Hunan Province was conducted, and expert interview was conducted to investigate the implementation of agricultural planting structure adjustment. Survey data and analysis showed that the content of planting structure adjustment compensation was wider and more complicated than the general agricultural ecological compensation. The influencing factors included compensation subject, compensation standard, the source of funds and so on, which needed to be redefined, interpreted and adjusted according to the actual situation. In addition, the farmland treatment technology matching agricultural planting structure adjustment was not mature, which required stronger investment and pilot work in order to set up technical standards and legal protection and support.

  Comprehensive Evaluation of Urbanization Level in Lanzhou Liu Meili,Shi Huichun,Han Lei and Wang Rong 2015, 31 (32):  279-283.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15070081 Abstract + ( 809 )   PDF ( 1326KB )   ( 485 ) In order to objectively reflect the real urbanization level in Lanzhou, 20 indicators from population, economy, society, environment, science, education, culture and health were selected according to the connotation and substantive characteristics of urbanization, and a comprehensive evaluation index system about the level of urbanization was constructed. Factor analysis was conducted in quantitative evaluation of Lanzhou urbanization level from 2002 to 2012 using SPSS 17.0. The results showed that the level of urbanization in Lanzhou kept rising from 2002 to 2012. Economic conditions and education level were improved to a certain degree while the development of society and population construction was more fluctuated. The level of urbanization needed to be further improved.

  Influencing Factors and Countermeasures of Farmers’ Professionalization Willingness in Shanxi Province Hou Xiangjuan,Shen Luling and Ren Hongyan 2015, 31 (32):  284-290.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15050189 Abstract + ( 1214 )   PDF ( 1451KB )   ( 471 ) To promote farmers’ professionalization and speed up agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics, this study focused on the influencing factors of the farmers’ professionalization willingness through rural household empirical survey. 86 household farmers from 15 towns in Shanxi Province were investigated based on questionnaire survey. Using SPSS 17.0 software, Logistic regression analysis was performed with the obtained data to study the willingness of the farmers’ professionalization and its influencing factors. The results showed that 76% of the sampled farmers had professional willingness. In addition, five variables including satisfaction degree about agricultural subsidy policy, cultivated area, family net income, agricultural income proportion and part-time farmer, significantly influenced the willingness of farmers’ professionalization. However, other seven factors including age, gender, education level, village cadres, skill training, land circulation and labor number, did not show significant impact. According to the above results, some suggestions were proposed to promote the development of the farmers’ professionalization in a healthy and ordered manner in Shanxi Province, including strengthening agricultural support policies, innovating professional farmers training model, setting up a system for smoothly circulating cultivated land, and improving agricultural production condition.