Abstract: The paper aims to evaluate the pollutant of TPH in the lower reach of the Yangtze River. 15 water samples (3 samples in each sample site) and 25 fish samples were collected to determinate the TPH in different samples. The results showed that: the concentration of TPH in water ranged from 0.02 to 0.21 mg/L with the average value of 0.08 mg/L, the result of risk assessment, based on SSD approach, showed that the influence chance on 5% fish was only 0.72%, namely, the risk was very low; the value of TPH in fish ranged from ND (no detected) to 30.07 mg/kg with an average value of 9.09 mg/kg; the majority of TPH residue in fish tissue did not exceed the standard limit, however, of all Hemiculter leucisculus, 67% samples exceeded the standard limit. In total, the dietary risk of aquatic product quality safety was very low. The paper provided detailed information to protect fish resource and ecology, and facilitated the management of aquatic product quality safety.