Abstract: In order to study the effect of fertilization on high yield and efficient management of Camellia oleifera, this paper summarized the research progress of fertilization techniques—fertilizer type, fertilization pattern, fertilization stage, formula fertilization and nutrition diagnosis, and analyzed the effect of fertilization on vegetative growth, physiological characteristics, yield and quality. In order to further promote efficient, low carbon and sustainable management of Camellia oleifera, this paper proposed that the emphasis of fertilizer study on Camellia oleifera was to improve the research on the specially used fertilizer and slow controlled release fertilizer. Furthermore, developing the water-fertilizer coupling techniques, establishing the systems of nutrition diagnosis and scientific fertilizing were the crucial measurements and research orientations for guiding the scientific and reasonable fertilizing for Camellia oleifera.