Abstract: The objective of this study was to measure the specific level of rural medical security condition in China, and provide references for the construction and improvement of rural medical security. The main influencing factors from rural medical condition index group were extracted by principal component analysis, then the factors were classified, and finally the comprehensive evaluation index system of rural medical condition was built. The empirical results showed that there were strong correlations among the selected indexes which could represent the level of rural medical condition. The average value of the comprehensive index representing medical condition at present in rural areas was 364154.36, only slightly higher than the highest value of the new rural cooperative medical system (NCMS) that could provide. This indicated that the level of the rural medical security condition was not high, and mainly relied on the development of NCMS. Besides, the direct cause of this phenomenon was the reduction of government funding and the limiting factors of medical institutions themselves. The reality of rural social situation, income, medical behavior and insurance awareness of rural residents also affected the development of rural medical security indirectly. Finally, combining the realities of rural society and the medical behavior of residents, relevant proposals were put forward from the aspects of strengthening rural economic development, increasing the government support, establishing the rural medical management system and promoting the new rural cooperative processes to improve the level of China’s rural medical security.