Abstract: The chromosome is the gene delivery and the material base of evolution，development，heredity and variation. Studying the chromosome of tree peony, is not only knowing the regular of genetic variation but also studying the species of heredity on the cell level. This Paper Reviews recent advances on chromosome study of chinese tree peony. The numbers of chromosome, the karyotype, C-banding, Ag-banding and the process of breeding of wild species variety on Chinese tree peony are introduced. The result shows: the tree peony chromosome is very steady. It is difficult as the basis of distinguishing species. The chromosome，s analysis is the cytology basis, for determining the systematic place of wild species, evolution and breeding. The C-banding and Ag-banding can become the basis distinguishing species for its speciality.