Effects of Types of Mulch and Planting Density on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Astragalus memeranaceus

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0195

Abstract

Abstract:

The effects of different types of mulch and planting density on photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and astragaloside content and yield of Astragalus memeranaceus were studied in this research. Using the cultivar A. memeranaceus var. mongholicus as research material, a split plot field experiment was carried out in the oasis irrigation area of Gansu Province in 2021-2022. Four types of mulch (namely fast degradation film, slow degradation film, ordinary film and no film, respectively as T1, T2, T3, T4) were set as the main plots, and four planting densities (namely 2.1×10⁵, 2.4×10⁵, 2.7×10⁵, 3.0×10⁵ plant/hm², respectively as D1, D2, D3, D4) were set as the split plots. The Photosynthetic, chlorophyll relative content (SPAD), astragaloside content and yield were determined by the photosynthetic instrument and sampling methods of experimental plot at flowering and harvesting stages of A. memeranaceus, respectively. Under the slow degradation film treatment (T2) and the planting density (D2) treatment in growth stages of A. memeranaceus, the photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll relative content, dry matter accumulation and astragaloside content and yield were the highest. Compared with the T2D1, T2D3 and T2D4 treatments, the photosynthetic rate of T2D2 treatment increased by 30.81%, 36.91% and 48.67%; the chlorophyll relative content of T2D2 treatment increased by 34.26%, 17.39% and 34.23%; the underground yield of T2D2 treatment increased by 34.78%, 15.22% and 19.18%; the astragaloside content of T2D2 treatment increased by 53.99%, 31.26% and 55.62%. Compared with T1D2, T3D2 and T4D2 treatments, the astragaloside content of T2D2 treatment increased by 54.27%, 32.90% and 78.03%, respectively. The optimal planting mode of slow degradation film (T2) and density of 2.4×10⁵ plant/hm² (D2) at growth stage of A. memeranaceus can improve the photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation, yield and astragaloside content.

Key words: mulch, planting density, Astragalus memeranaceus, photosynthetic characteristics, yield

LI Chong, WEI Tingbang. Effects of Types of Mulch and Planting Density on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Astragalus memeranaceus[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2024, 40(25): 72-80.

Figures/Tables 4

References 38

[1]	孙淑英, 陈贵林. 内蒙古黄芪产业化现状、问题及对策建议[J]. 分子植物育种, 2018, 16(15):5126-5133.
[2]	DURAZZO A, NAZHAND A, LUCARINI M, et al. Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus Bunge): Botanical, geographical, and historical aspects to pharmaceutical components and beneficial role[J]. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali, 2021, 32(3):625-642.
[3]	国家药典委员会. 中华人民共和国药典[M]. 北京: 中国医药科技出版社, 2020:301-302.
[4]	葛阳, 万修福, 王升, 等. 氮肥对药用植物生态系统中土壤及三级营养关系的影响及机制[J]. 中国中药杂志, 2021, 46(8):1893-1900.
[5]	张丹, 刘宏斌, 马忠明, 等. 残膜对农田土壤养分含量及微生物特征的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2017, 50(2):310-319. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2017.02.010
[6]	解红娥, 李永山, 杨淑巧, 等. 农田残膜对土壤环境及作物生长发育的影响研究[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2007, 26(S1):153-156.
[7]	张金瑞, 任思洋, 戴吉照, 等. 地膜对农业生产的影响及其污染控制[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(20):3983-3996. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.20.010
[8]	赵三州. 宁夏六盘山区黄芪地膜覆盖穴播种苗繁育技术[J]. 中国农技推广, 2015, 31(6):31-32.
[9]	王琳. 陇西黄芪地膜栽植模式筛选试验研究[J]. 中药材, 2015, 38(7):1360-1362.
[10]	祁丽萍, 崔银花, 李玉娥, 等. 不同地膜露头栽培对黄芪生长发育及产量的影响[J]. 农业科技与信息, 2023(11):34-37.
[11]	魏廷邦, 魏玉杰, 杨振华, 等. 种植密度及氮肥对绿洲区蒙古黄芪有效成分和产量的影响[J]. 核农学报, 2022, 36(8):1664-1675. doi: 10.11869/j.issn.100-8551.2022.08.1664
[12]	QUYNH T M. Enhancing radical scavenging activity of Cordyceps militaris extract by gamma irradiation[J]. Vietnam journal of chemistry, 2022, 60(5):681-684.
[13]	徐博琼, 陈垣, 郭凤霞, 等. 移栽密度对蒙古黄芪生长发育及产量质量的影响[J]. 中国实验方剂学杂志, 2020, 26(2):135-143.
[14]	王晓飞, 魏国江, 关向军, 等. 密度与环境因子对蒙古黄芪育苗影响研究[J]. 中国农学通报, 2020, 36(15):43-47. doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19020050
[15]	YING C, YANG L, AILI C. The potential of Huangqi decoction for treating diabetic kidney disease[J]. Integrative medicine in nephrology and andrology, 2024, 11(1):3645-3648.
[16]	冯雨露, 张森昱, 杨成存, 等. 秸秆带状覆盖对半干旱雨养区马铃薯光合特性及产量的影响[J]. 核农学报, 2023, 37(7):1442-1451. doi: 10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.07.1442
[17]	王玲玲, 杨路存, 熊丰, 等. 不同栽培密度和采收期对蒙古黄芪生长发育和产量的影响[J]. 分子植物育种, 2019, 17(23):7962-7968.
[18]	路海东, 薛吉全, 郝引川, 等. 黑色地膜覆盖对旱地玉米土壤环境和植株生长的影响[J]. 生态学报, 2016, 36(7):1997-2004.
[19]	HAN X J, YIN M Z, FANG Q Y, et al. Nutritional ingredients and functional components of cultivated and wild-simulated astragali radix using widely targeted metabolomics[J]. LWT, 2023, 185:1-9.
[20]	严昌荣, 何文清, 刘爽. 中国地膜覆盖及残留污染防控[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2015:1-50.
[21]	殷文, 郭瑶, 范虹, 等. 西北干旱灌区不同地膜覆盖利用方式对玉米水分利用的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(22):4750-4760. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.22.004
[22]	WU Y, HUANG F Y, JIA Z K, et al. Sponse of soil water, temperature and maize (Zea may L.) production to different plastic film mulching patterns in semi-arid areas of northwest China[J]. Soil and tillage research, 2017, 166:113-121.
[23]	曹晓庆, 李璐, 张锋伟, 等. 五种常见可降解地膜的研究应用现状和展望[J]. 核农学报, 2023, 37(5):1076-1087. doi: 10.11869/j.issn.1000-8551.2023.05.1076
[24]	张占琴, 魏建军, 战勇, 等. 不同可降解地膜对棉花生理及产量的影响[J]. 新疆农业科学, 2010, 47(10):1947-1951.
[25]	李东, 赵武云, 辛尚龙, 等. 农田残膜回收技术研究现状与展望[J]. 中国农机化学报, 2020, 41(5):204-209. doi: 10.13733/j.jcam.issn.2095-5553.2020.05.033
[26]	白如霄, 王瑞楠, 和海秀, 等. 生物降解地膜对塔额盆地甜菜产量及含糖率的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2023(12):236-241.
[27]	梁志虎, 何甜, 陈玉平. 可降解农用地膜应用效能评价[J]. 农学学报, 2018, 8(6):72-75. doi: 10.11923/j.issn.2095-4050.cjas18010019
[28]	刘海军, 林涛, 王新翠, 等. 不同地膜覆盖对南疆机采棉产量效益及残膜回收率的影响[J]. 农业资源与环境学报, 2024, 41(1):187-196.
[29]	何翠翠, 王华, 周斌, 等. 地膜覆盖对热带地区南瓜产量及土壤碳氮的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2023(5):225-230.
[30]	李婷, 李世清, 占爱, 等. 地膜覆盖、氮肥与密度及其互作对黄土旱塬春玉米氮素吸收、转运及生产效率的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(8):1504-1517. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.08.008
[31]	姬丽君, 席旭东, 王鸿雁, 等. 增施有机肥对蒙古黄芪产量、根腐病及品质的影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2023(3):33-38.
[32]	孙仕军, 朱振闯, 陈志君, 等. 不同颜色地膜和种植密度对春玉米田间地温、耗水及产量的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(19):3323-3336. doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.19.004
[33]	MEI H G, ZHAO B J, GAO Y, et al. Block copolymer networks composed of poly (ε-caprolactone) and polyethylene with triple shape memory properties[J]. Chinese journal of polymer science, 2022, 40(2):185-196.
[34]	王晓飞, 姚琴, 魏国江, 等. 氮磷钾养分对寒地膜荚黄芪生长及药用成分影响[J]. 中国土壤与肥料, 2021(2):149-155.
[35]	李树娜. 栽培密度与播种时期对蒙古黄芪生长发育及次生代谢产物积累的影响[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2015.
[36]	周鹏, 胡明勋, 李浩飞, 等. 不同品种、产地和种植方式黄芪药材中黄酮类成分的质量分析[J]. 中国药房, 2016, 27(18):2575-2578.
[37]	刘淼, 邸树峰, 樊超, 等. 新型生物降解地膜降解性能及对玉米生长的影响[J]. 黑龙江农业科学, 2022(9):31-36.
[38]	李星星, 袁宏安, 韩芳, 等. 生物降解渗水地膜在谷子上的应用效果研究[J]. 现代农业科技, 2022(17):1-4.

年份	地膜种类	种植密度	光合速率/ [μmolCO₂/(m²·s)]	叶绿素含量/ SPAD	年份	地膜种类	种植密度	光合速率/ [μmolCO₂/(m²·s)]	叶绿素含量/ SPAD
2021	T1	D1	12.34±0.31bc	13.33±0.33d	2022	T1	D1	11.06±0.11f	23.04±1.36d
	T1	D2	14.05±1.38ab	19.16±0.19c		T1	D2	13.17±0.36c	24.65±1.75c
	T1	D3	11.22±0.95bc	15.51±1.35cd		T1	D3	10.01±0.42h	21.22±1.68e
	T1	D4	10.66±0.31bc	14.69±2.04c		T1	D4	8.13±1.05j	19.58±2.57f
	T2	D1	13.74±1.08b	22.02±1.01bc		T2	D1	13.65±0.85b	25.17±2.01c
	T2	D2	17.67±0.16a	30.68±1.61a		T2	D2	18.16±1.46a	32.68±1.53a
	T2	D3	14.09±2.34ab	25.96±1.40ab		T2	D3	12.08±1.12d	28.01±0.82b
	T2	D4	13.04±1.58bc	23.74±0.50bc		T2	D4	11.06±1.08f	23.46±0.76c
	T3	D1	12.32±0.39bc	16.55±1.61cd		T3	D1	10.68±0.86g	22.14±1.35de
	T3	D2	15.93±0.81ab	24.87±1.34b		T3	D2	11.35±0.53e	25.34±2.52c
	T3	D3	13.35±1.16b	22.14±0.82bc		T3	D3	9.62±0.04i	22.89±2.71d
	T3	D4	11.18±0.61bc	18.64±0.46cd		T3	D4	8.11±0.42j	21.08±1.28e
	T4	D1	7.63±1.82c	15.63±1.08cd		T4	D1	6.33±0.74l	11.65±0.69i
	T4	D2	9.62±0.27c	19.65±0.57bc		T4	D2	7.04±0.05k	16.35±1.85g
	T4	D3	8.22±1.19c	18.24±1.64cd		T4	D3	6.06±0.56m	14.37±0.46h
	T4	D4	9.98±1.28c	16.47±1.17cd		T4	D4	6.18±1.05m	12.04±1.72i

年份	地膜种类	种植密度	光合速率/ [μmolCO₂/(m²·s)]	叶绿素含量/ SPAD	年份	地膜种类	种植密度	光合速率/ [μmolCO₂/(m²·s)]	叶绿素含量/ SPAD
2021	T1	D1	12.34±0.31bc	13.33±0.33d	2022	T1	D1	11.06±0.11f	23.04±1.36d
	T1	D2	14.05±1.38ab	19.16±0.19c		T1	D2	13.17±0.36c	24.65±1.75c
	T1	D3	11.22±0.95bc	15.51±1.35cd		T1	D3	10.01±0.42h	21.22±1.68e
	T1	D4	10.66±0.31bc	14.69±2.04c		T1	D4	8.13±1.05j	19.58±2.57f
	T2	D1	13.74±1.08b	22.02±1.01bc		T2	D1	13.65±0.85b	25.17±2.01c
	T2	D2	17.67±0.16a	30.68±1.61a		T2	D2	18.16±1.46a	32.68±1.53a
	T2	D3	14.09±2.34ab	25.96±1.40ab		T2	D3	12.08±1.12d	28.01±0.82b
	T2	D4	13.04±1.58bc	23.74±0.50bc		T2	D4	11.06±1.08f	23.46±0.76c
	T3	D1	12.32±0.39bc	16.55±1.61cd		T3	D1	10.68±0.86g	22.14±1.35de
	T3	D2	15.93±0.81ab	24.87±1.34b		T3	D2	11.35±0.53e	25.34±2.52c
	T3	D3	13.35±1.16b	22.14±0.82bc		T3	D3	9.62±0.04i	22.89±2.71d
	T3	D4	11.18±0.61bc	18.64±0.46cd		T3	D4	8.11±0.42j	21.08±1.28e
	T4	D1	7.63±1.82c	15.63±1.08cd		T4	D1	6.33±0.74l	11.65±0.69i
	T4	D2	9.62±0.27c	19.65±0.57bc		T4	D2	7.04±0.05k	16.35±1.85g
	T4	D3	8.22±1.19c	18.24±1.64cd		T4	D3	6.06±0.56m	14.37±0.46h
	T4	D4	9.98±1.28c	16.47±1.17cd		T4	D4	6.18±1.05m	12.04±1.72i

年份	地膜种类	种植密度	地上部产量	地下部产量	年份	地膜种类	种植密度	地上部产量	地下部产量
2021	T1	D1	4168.51±131.36f	9983.42±63.63f	2022	T1	D1	4356.98±107.34h	9548.49±98.65de
	T1	D2	5484.02±106.84de	12095.63±92.56d		T1	D2	5684.42±112.47e	12563.48±96.25b
	T1	D3	6366.62±54.24c	11048.57±106.58c		T1	D3	5986.16±56.96d	10024.34±135.46d
	T1	D4	6234.03±75.67e	10650.68±61.04bc		T1	D4	6811.46±78.94b	10001.34±249.58d
	T2	D1	4714.52±136.49de	11205.64±35.61e		T2	D1	4836.72±94.85g	10805.89±156.96cd
	T2	D2	6883.23±169.54a	14684.83±111.13b		T2	D2	7123.28±203.38a	14983.91±89.46a
	T2	D3	6582.61±104.17b	13201.52±45.18bc		T2	D3	6738.66±114.52b	12546.62±158.64b
	T2	D4	6702.03±85.31de	13001.13±108.64a		T2	D4	6411.34±87.47c	11891.81±61.46bc
	T3	D1	3985.82±246.24g	10240.62±96.51f		T3	D1	4102.34±169.86i	10141.22±85.35d
	T3	D2	5361.63±112.06de	13518.41±134.95d		T3	D2	5256.16±87.03f	12818.04±36.54b
	T3	D3	6385.51±104.32c	12846.61±86.54cd		T3	D3	5785.04±154.37de	11563.67±224.58c
	T3	D4	6171.04±62.06ef	12116.02±25.46c		T3	D4	6034.52±134.94d	11116.82±186.08c
	T4	D1	3765.32±86.34g	8183.74±73.24g		T4	D1	3614.22±88.95j	8653.76±29.55e
	T4	D2	4915.23±78.39ef	11212.82±81.46e		T4	D2	4645.58±54.37g	11500.32±58.65c
	T4	D3	4822.22±86.19g	10303.74±116.17e		T4	D3	4869.81±243.36g	10100.11±115.13d
	T4	D4	5187.03±101.43g	10509.03±107.19e		T4	D4	5061.86±134.53fg	9089.89±31.65e

年份	地膜种类	种植密度	地上部产量	地下部产量	年份	地膜种类	种植密度	地上部产量	地下部产量
2021	T1	D1	4168.51±131.36f	9983.42±63.63f	2022	T1	D1	4356.98±107.34h	9548.49±98.65de
	T1	D2	5484.02±106.84de	12095.63±92.56d		T1	D2	5684.42±112.47e	12563.48±96.25b
	T1	D3	6366.62±54.24c	11048.57±106.58c		T1	D3	5986.16±56.96d	10024.34±135.46d
	T1	D4	6234.03±75.67e	10650.68±61.04bc		T1	D4	6811.46±78.94b	10001.34±249.58d
	T2	D1	4714.52±136.49de	11205.64±35.61e		T2	D1	4836.72±94.85g	10805.89±156.96cd
	T2	D2	6883.23±169.54a	14684.83±111.13b		T2	D2	7123.28±203.38a	14983.91±89.46a
	T2	D3	6582.61±104.17b	13201.52±45.18bc		T2	D3	6738.66±114.52b	12546.62±158.64b
	T2	D4	6702.03±85.31de	13001.13±108.64a		T2	D4	6411.34±87.47c	11891.81±61.46bc
	T3	D1	3985.82±246.24g	10240.62±96.51f		T3	D1	4102.34±169.86i	10141.22±85.35d
	T3	D2	5361.63±112.06de	13518.41±134.95d		T3	D2	5256.16±87.03f	12818.04±36.54b
	T3	D3	6385.51±104.32c	12846.61±86.54cd		T3	D3	5785.04±154.37de	11563.67±224.58c
	T3	D4	6171.04±62.06ef	12116.02±25.46c		T3	D4	6034.52±134.94d	11116.82±186.08c
	T4	D1	3765.32±86.34g	8183.74±73.24g		T4	D1	3614.22±88.95j	8653.76±29.55e
	T4	D2	4915.23±78.39ef	11212.82±81.46e		T4	D2	4645.58±54.37g	11500.32±58.65c
	T4	D3	4822.22±86.19g	10303.74±116.17e		T4	D3	4869.81±243.36g	10100.11±115.13d
	T4	D4	5187.03±101.43g	10509.03±107.19e		T4	D4	5061.86±134.53fg	9089.89±31.65e

年份	地膜种类	种植密度	产量/(kg/hm²)	材料成本/(元/hm²)	肥料成本/(元/hm²)	总收益/(元/hm²)	纯收益/(元/hm²)	较CK纯收益增加/(元/hm²)
2021	T1	D1	9983.42	36750.00	3360.00	59900.52	19790.52	8548.08
	T1	D2	12095.63	36750.00	3360.00	72573.78	32463.78	3046.86
	T1	D3	11048.57	36750.00	3360.00	66291.42	26181.42	2218.98
	T1	D4	10650.68	36750.00	3360.00	63904.08	23794.08	-1400.1
	T2	D1	11205.64	36750.00	3360.00	67233.84	27123.84	15881.4
	T2	D2	14684.83	36750.00	3360.00	88108.98	47998.98	18582.06
	T2	D3	13201.52	36750.00	3360.00	79209.12	39099.12	15136.68
	T2	D4	13001.13	36750.00	3360.00	78006.78	37896.78	12702.6
	T3	D1	10240.62	36000.00	3360.00	61443.72	22083.72	10841.28
	T3	D2	13518.41	36000.00	3360.00	81110.46	41750.46	12333.54
	T3	D3	12846.61	36000.00	3360.00	77079.66	37719.66	13757.22
	T3	D4	12116.02	36000.00	3360.00	72696.12	33336.12	8141.94
	T4	D1	8183.74	34500.00	3360.00	49102.44	11242.44
	T4	D2	11212.82	34500.00	3360.00	67276.92	29416.92
	T4	D3	10303.74	34500.00	3360.00	61822.44	23962.44
	T4	D4	10509.03	34500.00	3360.00	63054.18	25194.18
2022	T1	D1	9548.49	36750.00	3360.00	57290.94	17180.94	3118.38
	T1	D2	12563.48	36750.00	3360.00	75380.88	35270.88	4128.96
	T1	D3	10024.34	36750.00	3360.00	60146.04	20036.04	-2704.62
	T1	D4	10001.34	36750.00	3360.00	60008.04	19898.04	3218.7
	T2	D1	10805.89	36750.00	3360.00	64835.34	24725.34	10662.78
	T2	D2	14983.91	36750.00	3360.00	89903.46	49793.46	18651.54
	T2	D3	12546.62	36750.00	3360.00	75279.72	35169.72	12429.06
	T2	D4	11891.81	36750.00	3360.00	71350.86	31240.86	14561.52
	T3	D1	10141.22	36000.00	3360.00	60847.32	21487.32	7424.76
	T3	D2	12818.04	36000.00	3360.00	76908.24	37548.24	6406.32
	T3	D3	11563.67	36000.00	3360.00	69382.02	30022.02	7281.36
	T3	D4	11116.82	36000.00	3360.00	66700.92	27340.92	10661.58
	T4	D1	8653.76	34500.00	3360.00	51922.56	14062.56
	T4	D2	11500.32	34500.00	3360.00	69001.92	31141.92
	T4	D3	10100.11	34500.00	3360.00	60600.66	22740.66
	T4	D4	9089.89	34500.00	3360.00	54539.34	16679.34