Abstract: Anatomical structure of leaves sampled from fifty specimens of tea germplasm resources, which had distinct phenotypic character and were selected from the species of Huangshan population, were analyzed. The results indicated that five ratio of those gemplasms varied significantly, including palisade tissue thickness to spongy tissue thickness (X1), upper epidermis thickness to spongy tissue thickness (X2), palisade tissue thickness to total thickness (X3), horny layer thickness to total thickness (X4), and spongy tissue thickness to total thickness (X5). The computing formula of anatomical structure index of leaves (Y) was made to be Y = 0.5X1 + 0.2X2 + 0.2X3 + 0.05X4 + 0.05X5. Those germplasms could be clustered to three different groups, among which thirty germplasms belonged to the first group and the second group were predicted to have strong resistance to cold. The evaluation system built by anatomical structure index of leaves could be used to identify cold resistance in period of young seedling.