Horticulturae
This article narrated the effects of high temperature on seed germination, growth and development, reproductive growth, respiration and photosynthesis, membrane thermal stability and antioxidant system, protein content, endogenous hormone content, etc. of melon crops. And it reviewed the identification and research progress of heat tolerance related genes, as well as the technical measures to improve the heat tolerance of melon crops. Based on a comprehensive understanding of previous research on high temperature stress in melons, the author believes that there is currently a lack of efficient, accurate, and standardized heat tolerance assessment techniques and genetic resources in this field, as well as insufficient research depth. It’s predicted that the future research direction of heat tolerance in melon crops will focus on the collection and screening of heat tolerance germplasm resources, the construction of accurate evaluation technology systems, the mining of heat tolerance gene resources, and the analysis of heat tolerance regulation molecular networks.
The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of different tomato germplasms, screen the important agronomic traits that affect the sensory quality of tomato, and provide reference for the identification, evaluation and innovation of tomato germplasms. Genetic diversity analysis, sensory quality evaluation, correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, path analysis, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis were performed on 20 main agronomic traits and sensory quality of 72 tomato germplasms. The genetic diversity index of agronomic traits of 72 tomato germplasms ranged from 0.59 to 2.04, and the comprehensive score of sensory quality ranged from 71.70 to 84.85. Plant height, internode length, fruit transverse diameter, single fruit weight, flesh thickness and soluble solid content were important factors for sensory quality of tomato, which had a high load in principal component 1. The test materials were divided into 5 groups by cluster analysis. The tomato varieties in the first and second groups had higher comprehensive scores of sensory quality, plant height, and internode length. The fourth and fifth groups were mainly germplasms of dwarf tomato with limited growth type. The phenotypic and sensory qualities of 72 tomato germplasms showed abundant genetic diversity. Plant height, internode length, fruit transverse diameter, single fruit weight, flesh thickness and soluble solid content are important traits to evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato phenotype and sensory quality.
Zingiberaceae is a perennial rhizomatous herbaceous plant with great economic value used as food, spices, medicinal compounds, and ornamental plants, preservation of Zingiberaceae germplasm resources is crucial for breeding and commercial production. To clarify the current research status on the conservation of genetic resources in Zingiberaceae plants, this paper specifically introduces the three main methods(ex situ conservation, tissue culture preservation, and cryopreservation) used for preservation of Zingiberaceae germplasm resources. Future prospects of Zingiberaceae germplasm preservation are analyzed, aiming to provide reference for the healthy and rapid development of Zingiberaceae industry. Cryopreservation technology, which has many advantages compared with the traditional methods, has been proven to be a new technique for plant pathogen elimination with successful application on several plants, and can provide a technical support to low conservation rates in Zingiberaceae plants elimination.
In order to screen out the superior individual in the hybrid seedlings of poplars, and then select the excellent clones, we analyzed the genetic variation of the two-year-old seedlings of poplars using the cutting cross technology. The results showed that the growth, branch and leaf traits of different crossing combinations and different individuals of the same crossing combination had considerable genetic variation. Their family heritabilities were all above 0.81, which belonged to high heritability, indicating that the variation among cross-combinations was controlled by genetic factor. The results of multiple comparison showed that (P. alba× P. glandulosa) × P. bolleana × (P. tomentosa × P. bolleana) × P. canescens, (P. alba× P. gnaludotas ‘1’) × (P. tomentosa× P. bolleana) × P. canescens, (P. alba× P. glandulosa) × P. bolleana × (P. tomentosa× P. bolleana) × P. canescens had fast growth. Among the three cross combinations, (P. alba× P. glandulosa)× P. bolleana, P. alba× P. gnaludotas ‘1’, (P. alba× P. glandulosa)× P. bolleana were used as female parents and (P. tomentosa× P. bolleana)× P. canescens was used as male parent, the four parents were regarded as excellent germplasm resources. 20 seedlings were selected as superior individual plants, the average enrolment rate was 4.22%. 3-104×MY and YX1×MY were selected as superior cross combinations, which laid a foundation for the selection of excellent clones.
In order to accurately evaluate the harvest maturity of blueberries and ensure fruit quality, the experiment selected six blueberry cultivars: ‘Northland’, ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Draper’, ‘Reka’, ‘Duke’, and ‘Blue gold’ as test materials, and used near-infrared spectroscopy to establish regression model to determine the relationship between soluble solids, titratable acids, hardness, anthocyanins, vitamin C, and absorbance difference index (IAD value). Research had found that with fruit maturity increase, the titratable acid and hardness of blueberries significantly decreased, while the contents of soluble solids, vitamin C, and anthocyanins generally showed an upward trend. The IAD value of blueberries showed a highly significant positive correlation with anthocyanins (r=0.90, p≤0.01) and a significant negative correlation with hardness (r=-0.82, p≤0.01). Additionally, there was a positive correlation with vitamin C and soluble solids, and a negative correlation with titratable acid. Regression equations were derived to describe the changes in the IAD value based on the five quality indicators, demonstrating that the IAD value can reflect the fruit maturity. The recommended harvest standards for the six main cultivars are as follows. The IAD values of ‘Northland’ and ‘Lanjin’ are 1.9-2.0, the IAD values of ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Draper’ are approximately 1.8, and the IAD values of ‘Reka’ and ‘Duke’ are 1.7-1.8.
To analyze the correlation between plant species diversity and sampling area in different types of artificial lawn ecosystems, this study used a nested sampling method to track and investigate the plant species diversity of six commonly used artificial lawn ecosystems in China constructed by six different turf grasses. Two experimental treatments of manually removing weeds (MRW) and maintaining natural state (MNS) were set, and the changing patterns of plant species diversity with the increasing sampling area were analyzed. The results showed that the plant species diversity in the six different types of lawn ecosystems treated with MRW was significantly lower than that in the MNS experimental research plot, and the difference between these two experimental treatments became gradually greater as the sampling area increased, indicating that MRW management measures had a significant effect on maintaining the singularity of plant species and the evenness of plant growth in various types of lawn ecosystems. Both plant species diversity in the unit area and change rate of plant species diversity with the increased sampling area gradually decreased with the increase of construction years, indicating that the material cycle and energy flow inside the ecosystems tended to be stable, and the plant species composition and the functional structure of lawn ecosystems both were in the dynamic equilibrium states with the development and succession of lawn ecosystems. However, the maintenance mechanisms of this dynamic equilibrium state were different in the two experimental treatments of MRW and MNS, the former was that the regular artificial impurity removal management measure inhibited weed invasion and growth, while the latter was that the dominant plant species suppressed the growth and reproduction of the other types of plant species. The research results indicated that although various management measures had a strong intervention intensity on the lawn ecosystems, they still could not completely eliminate the continuous invasion and interference of various weeds; in the early stage of lawn construction, the ecosystem was unstable, and the frequency and intensity of management measures such as MRW should be increased; entering the mid- to late-stage, as the species composition and structural function of the lawn ecosystem tended to stabilize with the increase of construction years, the degree of manual intervention could be appropriately reduced, and the mutual constraint between the various components of the ecosystem could be fully utilized to manage the lawn for improving the quality of the lawn and reducing the amount of manual labor.
The study aims to analyze the research dynamics of soil in Chinese fir plantations, and to provide data support for researchers in China to carry out soil research in cedar plantation forests in the future. This study is based on the CiteSpace software and adopts the bibliometric method to conduct a visual analysis of the target literature on the soil of Chinese fir plantations from 1994 to 2024 in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and constructs a knowledge map. The results showed that, from 1994 to 2024, CNKI included a total of 29700 pieces of literature on soil research in Chinese fir plantations, with 3163 pieces of valid literature remaining after eliminating the invalid ones, and the published journals were mainly forestry and ecology journals such as Acta Ecologica Sinica, Scientia Silvae Sinicae, and Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology, etc; the research institutes mainly included Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian Normal University, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, and Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry; and the top 10 keywords mainly appeared in the fields of 'soil nutrients', 'apoptosis' and 'microbial community'. Domestic researchers and scholars have scattered research topics in the field of soil in Chinese fir plantations, and it is recommended that in-depth research be conducted in the future in the fields of Chinese fir soil microbial communities, forest root crowns, limitations of forest growth and development, and biodiversity conservation.
Peppermint is an herb with a long history in China, and China is also one of the largest peppermint growing countries in the world. Peppermint contains volatile oil and flavonoids, of which menthol is the key component, which has antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Menthol has attracted attention due to its cool aroma and pharmacological effects. This paper reviewed the research progress of menthol detection, extraction and application, including its physical and chemical properties and pharmacological effects. The detection techniques such as gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the extraction techniques such as CO2 supercritical extraction, organic solvent extraction and microwave-assisted extraction were introduced. The article also summarized the application of menthol in medicine, food, cosmetics and other fields, and prospects its future development. In depth study of menthol is of great significance to the implementation of national agricultural, rural and farmer policies and rural revitalization strategies.
In order to screen out the best ratio medium for in vitro rapid propagation of Solanum habrochaites ‘LA1777’ leaves, the method of in vitro culture was used. In this study, the leaves of S. habrochaites ‘LA1777’ were used as materials, MS medium was used as the basic medium, and different hormone combinations were set up, the induction rate and growth status of callus, adventitious buds and adventitious roots were observed and counted separately. The results showed that the best medium formula for promoting leaf callus formation was MS+ 3 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.3 mg/L IAA, and the callus rate was 95.83%. The best medium for promoting adventitious bud differentiation was MS+ 3 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.3 mg/L IAA+ 3 mg/L AgNO3, and the induction rate of adventitious buds was 50.00%. The best medium for rooting culture was MS+ 0.1 mg/L NAA, and the adventitious root induction rate was 94.44%. This study provides reference for germplasm conservation, rapid propagation and genetic transformation of S. habrochaites.
This study aims to explore the impact of a novel hydrogen fertilizer material on the growth of wax gourd seedlings, determine the optimal dosage of hydrogen fertilizer for wax gourd seedling cultivation, and provide a theoretical basis and data support for cultivating robust seedlings using hydrogen fertilizer. The black-skinned wax gourd ‘Tiezhu 2’ was used as experimental material. This research established five gradients of hydrogen fertilizer application and conducted experiments by incorporating the hydrogen fertilizer into the seedling substrate, to investigate its effects on the emergence rate, seedling growth, sound seedling index, root morphology and chlorophyll content in wax gourd. The application of hydrogen fertilizer exhibited a dose-dependent effect on the growth of wax gourd seedlings, with the control (no hydrogenation fertilizer) and five different dosage of hydrogen fertilizer resulting in sound seedling indexes of 1.05, 1.49, 1.52, 1.55, 1.46, and 0.99, respectively. Comprehensive analysis found that the treatment with a hydrogen fertilizer to substrate ratio of 1 kg: 3000 L (H2) had better efficacy. Compared to the control, wax gourd seedling treated with H2 exhibited a 17.5% increase in seedling emergence rate, a 45.6% improvement in sound seedling index, a 23.5% increase in the number of root tips, and a 25.8% increase in the chlorophyll a content. Excessive application of hydrogen fertilizer (hydrogen fertilizer: substrate> 1 kg: 1000 L) did not significantly affect the emergence rate of wax gourd but inhibited the growth of seedlings and reduced sound seedling index. Hydrogen fertilizer improves the emergence rate and uniformity of wax gourd, stimulates seedlings growth, and is beneficial for cultivating robust seedlings. However, it is important to note the application dosage. The optimal hydrogen fertilizer-to-substrate is 1 kg: 3000 L, as excessive dosages can produce adverse effects.
In order to solve the problem of the lack of peanut sprout varieties, 15 peanut varieties were used as experimental materials, sand cultured seedlings were harvested after 5 days, and the biomass, nutritional, and taste indicators of the seedlings were tested. Using these indicators as the evaluation criteria for sprout vegetable production, a judgment matrix was constructed using the membership function method and analytic hierarchy process. The influence weights of each factor were analyzed mathematically to calculate the total evaluation value D value suitable for sprout vegetable production. Through cluster analysis of the D values of 15 peanut varieties, three varieties suitable for sprout vegetable production, namely ‘Yuhua 33’, ‘Yuhua 30’, and ‘Yuhua 18’, were selected from the 15 tested varieties. Three varieties, including ‘Yuhua 12’, were relatively suitable for sprout vegetable production, while nine varieties, including ‘Yuhua 32’, were not suitable for sprout vegetable production.
Investigating the absorption, utilization, and transformation of different forms of selenium by crops is of great significance for the development of new and efficient selenium-enriched agricultural techniques. In this study, we used excised pear tree leaves to explore the absorption, utilization, antioxidant response, and the influence of two accompanying anions, silicate (SiO33-) and sulfate (SO42-), on three forms of selenium: sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), sodium selenate (Na2SeO4), and selenomethionine (SeMet). The results showed that after treatment with the three forms of selenium (SeO32-, SeMet, SeO42-), the average selenium contents in the excised leaves were 7.89, 0.20 and 0.14 mg/kg, respectively. Obviously, the absorption of SeO32- form was much greater than that of SeMet and SeO42- forms. The higher the selenium addition concentration, the higher the selenium content in the leaves. Two accompanying anions had no impact on SeO32- absorption. But SiO32- tended to boost SeO42- and SeMet uptake. At 500 μmol/L SeO42-, leaf Se content rose 19.90% vs control; at 50 μmol/L SeMet, it jumped 170.00% vs control. SO42- cut SeO42- uptake by 59.89% at 500 μmol/L vs control，but hiked SeMet uptake by 102.38% at 50 μmol/L vs control. All three forms of selenium reduced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), while increasing the activity of catalase (CAT) and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the leaves. Additionally, low concentrations of SeO32- and SeO42- treatments reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). The results of this study indicate that SeO32- is the preferred form of selenium for absorption by pear tree leaves.
Due to red flowers and earlier florescence, as a native cherry blossom strain of Cerasus campanulate, ‘Feihan’ has been widely cultivated in the Yangtze River Basin and Fujian region, but no introduction has been recorded in Beijing. In order to evaluate its adaptability in Beijing, ‘Feihan’ from Quanjiao County Chuzhou City of Anhui Province was introduced and compared with simultaneously planted Cerasus×yedoensis ‘Somei-yoshino’ on phenophase, growth performance, morphological characteristics, field adaptability, and temperature stress resistance from 2019 to 2023, in Yingluo Garden of Yuyuantan Park in Beijing. The results showed that，the average day of the year of flower bud germination was 9.6 days earlier, the average day of the year of leaf bud germination was 6.4 days earlier, and the average full-flowering period was 5.2 days longer than that of ‘Somei-yoshino’, which were significant differences (P<0.05). The annual average branch growth and annual average DH0.8 growth were 2.10 and 1.87 times of that of ‘Somei-yoshino’, which were significant differences (P<0.05). The adaptability to extreme cold temperatures during plant dormancy period was well for both cultivars, but during flower bud development under cold spell in later spring, the effect of cold temperatures on ‘Feihan’ was less. The growth performance was affected by extreme high temperatures and extreme rainstorm during growth period for both cultivars, but the degree of influence on ‘Feihan’ was less than that on ‘Somei-yoshino’. The temperature stress resistance experiment showed that the adaptability of ‘Feihan’ under high temperature stress was stronger than that of ‘Somei-yoshino’, and the adaptability gap between two cultivars was small under low temperature stress. ‘Feihan’ can be used as an early blossom cherry cultivar in Beijing with red flowers to plant and enrich the landscape.
In this study, Zhangzhou narcissus was used as the test material, purified water (CK) was used as the control, and two treatments of 50% and 100% hydrogen-rich water (HRW) were set up to preliminarily reveal the effects of different concentrations of HRW on the growth of narcissus by comparing the differences in the indexes of narcissus flowering period, leaf length, and the number of flowers in each period. The results showed that different concentrations of HRW significantly prolonged the flowering period of narcissus, and the prolongation time of 100% HRW was significantly greater than that of 50% HRW. Both 50% and 100% HRW enhanced the leaf length and scape height of narcissus at the late stage, and 100% HRW significantly increased the SPAD of narcissus leaves at 14 days after flowering, and prolonged the greening period of narcissus leaves. Under the treatment of 100% HRW, narcissus leaves still maintained a high level of nitrogen content at 14 days after flowering. HRW significantly increased the number and proportion of flowers in the blooming stage of narcissus and decreased the number and proportion of flowers in the senescence stage of narcissus at 14 days after flowering. By analyzing the correlation of various growth indicators of narcissus, result showed that maintaining a higher level of leaf nitrogen content was the key to prolonging the flowering period of narcissus. In summary, HRW can significantly prolong the ornamental time and increase the ornamental value of narcissus by maintaining a higher level of leaf nitrogen content.
In order to solve the problem of water shortage faced by blueberry planting in high-altitude mountainous areas, this study takes 11 introduced blueberry varieties as experimental materials. It aims to evaluate the drought tolerance potential of the varieties under natural drought conditions by setting up the comparative experiment method of the drought group and the watering group. In 2021, leaf morphological and anatomical observations were carried out on blueberries in the drought group. Statistical methods were used to explore the drought tolerance of different blueberry varieties while screening key indicators for leaf morphology and anatomy. In 2022, a bivariate analysis of variance method was employed to compare the yield components between the drought group and the watered group, in order to assess the production recovery potential of each variety after being affected by drought. The results showed that there were significant differences among different blueberry varieties in terms of drought tolerance. The order of drought tolerance of the 11 blueberry varieties from strong to weak was as follows: ‘Misty’> ‘Bluecrop’> ‘Sweetheart’> ‘Brigitta’> ‘Jubilee’> ‘Bluecrop’> ‘Shengshi’> ‘O'Neal’> ‘Boniface’> ‘Garden blue’> ‘Duke’. Through screening 10 leaves morphological and anatomical indicators, 4 typical indicators for evaluating the drought tolerance of blueberries were obtained, namely, the thickness of the upper epidermis, the thickness of the leaf, the thickness of the spongy tissue and the stomatal density. The results of the empirical analysis showed that ‘Misty’, ‘Bluecrop’ and ‘Sweetheart’ had relatively strong drought tolerance, while ‘Boniface’, ‘Garden blue’ and ‘Duke’ had relatively weak drought tolerance. This conclusion was consistent with that of the drought tolerance evaluation.
To improve the efficiency and quality level of medicinal Dendrobium tissue culture, this study used D. officinale and D. nobile as test materials to investigate the effects of eight different LED light quality combinations, including red, blue, green, and white light (R6B3G0, R6B3G1, R6B3G3, R3B6G0, R3B6G1, R3B6G3, R3B3G3, W), on the proliferation, rooting, and active component contents of the kinds of Dendrobium. The results showed that both D. officinale and D. nobile had the best proliferation effects under the light quality culture of R3B6G3, with proliferation coefficients of 6.67 and 1.59, respectively, which were significantly increased by 72.8% and 101.3% compared to the control (W), with D. nobile showing the highest fresh weight under this treatment. Under the treatment of R6B3G3, the best rooting effects were observed for both D. officinale and D. nobile, with individual root numbers of 10.56 and 9.42 per plant, respectively, which were increased by 59.5% and 75.4% compared to W. At the same time, it showed the highest fresh and dry weight contents of D. officinale under this treatment, with 1.254 and 0.135 g/plant, respectively, significantly increasing by 81.7% and 1.08 times compared to W. The dry matter content was highest under the R3B6G1 treatment, significantly increasing by 29.0% compared to W, and the polysaccharide content reached its maximum value of 24.61% under this treatment, while the total flavonoid content was highest under W, at 1.46%. Under the treatment of R6B3G0 and R3B3G3, the content of total phenolics was highest of D. officinale, both increasing by 1.39 times compared to W, and the dendrobine contents of D. nobile was optimal, both at 0.5%. In short, it was beneficial for the proliferation of D. officinale adding stronger green light under the treatment of R3B6, while it was beneficial for the proliferation of D. nobile adding stronger green light under R3B6 or weaker green light under R6B3. In addition, it was effective for rooting of two Dendrobium varieties adding weaker green light under the treatment of R6B3. Furthermore, it was conducive to the accumulation of dry matter and polysaccharide in D. officinale adding weaker green light under the treatment of R3B6, while it was beneficial for the accumulation of dry matter and dendrobine in D. nobile with stronger green light under the treatment of R6B3.
The paper aims to investigate the optimal concentration of exogenous inositol and its effect on yield, quality and antioxidant system of tomato under salt stress, and to provide some theoretical basis for the application of inositol in quality improvement of tomato production. In the present study, five inositol concentration gradients of 0% (CK), 0.05% (MI1), 0.1% (MI2), 0.2% (MI3) and 0.4% (MI4) were established to investigate the effects of exogenous inositol on tomato yield and quality using ‘Hongjian’ cherry tomato as the test material. On this basis, the 100 mmol/L NaCl salt stress treatment (N) and the inositol treatment (NM3) with 0.2% inositol were established to investigate the role of inositol in alleviating salt stress in tomato. With increasing inositol concentration, tomato yield showed an overall trend of increasing and then decreasing, in which the tomato yield of MI3 treatment was significantly increased by 17.7% compared to that of CK. The increase in tomato yield by exogenous inositol application was closely related to the increase in leaf SPAD value, the promotion of root growth and the enhancement of the activity of key antioxidant enzymes (e.g. POD activity). Low concentrations of inositol (MI1 and MI2) significantly increased the vitamin C content of the fruits, while increasing the concentration of inositol had no significant effect on the vitamin C content of the fruits. The soluble sugar content of the fruits significantly increased by 38.6%-166.2%, while the soluble protein content decreased by 13.4%-22.6% after the application of exogenous inositol. Salt stress significantly reduced tomato yield, leaf SPAD and vitamin C content by 16.1%, 14.4% and 26.4% respectively compared to CK by inhibiting root growth, increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content and decreasing enzyme activities of the antioxidant system. On the contrary, application of inositol (NM3) under salt stress significantly promoted root growth, reduced MDA content and increased the activity of antioxidant system enzymes, resulting in a significant increase in tomato yield, leaf SPAD, vitamin C and lycopene content by 37.8%, 13.5%, 23.8% and 34.5% compared with N treatment. The application of exogenous inositol at an appropriate concentration (MI3) could significantly promote tomato root growth and increase the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, thus increasing tomato yield and improving fruit quality; furthermore, the application of exogenous inositol at an appropriate concentration could significantly alleviate salt stress in tomato and improve tomato yield and quality.
To investigate the application effect of fulvic acid potassium on mountain apples in Yan’an, an experiment was carried out from March to November 2023 at the mountain apple base of Golden Land Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd. in Yanchang County. The test apple was ‘Yuhua Zaofu’ with a tree age of 12 years. Different application rates of fulvic acid potassium were applied during the fruit expansion stage, with the conventional fertilization by farmers as the control, to analyze its influence on the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, as well as the yield and quality of apples. Compared with the control, there was no significant difference in the leaf N, P and K contents under the treatment of 20% increment of fulvic acid potassium (2.6 kg/plant) during the young fruit stage. However, during the fruit expansion stage, the leaf N, P and K contents increased by 44.61%, 257.89% and 44.55% respectively, and during the maturity stage, they increased by 24.85%, 95.31% and 29.98% respectively. Under the treatments of 20% decrement (1.4 kg/plant), conventional amount (2.0 kg/plant) and 20% increment of fulvic acid potassium, the fruit N, P and K nutrient uptake increased by an average of 13.64%, 7.59% and 34.38% compared to the control. The vitamin C content increased by 61.65%, 104.56% and 115.15% respectively, the soluble sugar content increased by 14.66%, 40.69% and 25.73% respectively, and the titratable acid content decreased by 3.70%, 22.22% and 29.63% respectively. The fulvic acid potassium treatments could significantly enhance the fruit firmness, soluble solids content, single fruit weight and the yield per plant. Compared with the control, the treatments of 20% decrement, conventional amount and 20% increment of fulvic acid potassium increased the yield per plant by an average of 3.86%, 6.05% and 10.20% respectively. On the basis of conventional fertilization, applying 2.6 kg/plant of fulvic acid potassium during the fruit expansion stage can effectively improve the yield and quality of Yan’an mountain apples.
To investigate the effects of castor bean microbial enzyme biological fertilizer on the growth, fruit yield, and quality of tomato plants, a pot experiment was conducted using cherry tomato varieties as experimental materials. A total of five treatments including no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilizer (HF, 4 g/plant) and three different application gradients [20 g/plant(BF1), 40 g/plant(BF2), 80 g/plant(BF3)] of castor bean microbial enzyme biological fertilizer were set up. The results showed that compared with CK, the plant height of tomato plants treated with BF3 during the fruiting and harvesting periods increased by 16.82%-20.23%. During the fruiting period, the stem diameter of BF2 treatment increased by 34.04%, and during the harvesting period, the stem diameter of BF1 treatment increased by 41.30%. Fruit weight and number of fruits per plant of BF1 treatment were the best during the harvesting period, and the average yield per plant increased by 496.98%. The content of vitamin C, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and soluble solids in tomatoes treated with BF3 increased by 28.57%, 63.49%, 77.43% and 16.43%, respectively. The dry matter mass of roots, stems and leaves showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the increase of application rate of castor bean microbial enzyme biological fertilizer. 20 g/plant of castor bean microbial enzyme biological fertilizer has a significant promoting effect on the growth and yield of tomato plants, while 80 g/plant of castor bean microbial enzyme biological fertilizer has the best effect on the fruit quality of tomato plants.
Effects of preparation methods on seedling regeneration process of direct seeding of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica were analyzed in order to explore suitable preparation methods for the direct seeding of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica. Taking direct seeding of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica in sparse degraded forest land as the object, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher’s least significance difference (LSD) method were used to test the difference of seedling emergence rate and seedling establishment rate of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica in different preparation methods. The survival curve of direct seeding of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica in different preparation methods was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and the difference of seedling survival distribution was compared by the K sample test and the Log-rank test with censored data. The seedling emergence rate was highest when the preparation method exposing soil B layer, followed by topsoil biochar addition, and the seedling emergence rate was lowest at the soil mound accumulation. There were significant differences in emergence rate among the three preparation methods(P=0.000<0.01). The seedling survival rate was significantly higher in the preparation methods that exposing soil B layer and topsoil biochar addition compared to the soil mound accumulation (P=0.000<0.01). There was no significant difference in seedling survival rate between the preparation methods that exposing soil B layer and topsoil biochar addition (P=0.114>0.05). The survival probability of the preparation methods that exposing soil B layer and topsoil biochar addition was significantly higher than that of the soil mound accumulation (P=0.000<0.01), and the survival probability of the preparation method that exposing soil B layer was no significant difference with that of topsoil biochar addition (P=0.268>0.05). Suitable preparation methods can promote the direct seeding of P. schrenkiana var. tianschanica in sparse degraded forest land. Among them, exposing soil B layer is the most suitable preparation method for the direct seeding.
Horticulturae
