Current issue

• 2024 Vol.40 No.30 Published:25 October 2024

  Effects of Turning over of Three Different Green Manures on Rice Yield, Nutrient Accumulation and Soil Properties DONG Qingjun, DONG Yubing, LI Weihong, XIE Changyan, ZHANG Miao, LI Chuanzhe, CHEN Chuan, ZHANG Ankang 2024, 40 (30):  1-10.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0164 Abstract + ( 123 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1183KB )   ( 207 ) To explore the growth differences among different green manure varieties and their effects on rice yield, nutrient accumulation and soil properties after turning over, the winter fallow field (CK) was used as the control, three common green manures (Astragalus sinicus L., Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L.) were selected to conduct field experiments to analyze the differences in the characteristics of green manures during the growth period and their effects on rice yield, nutrient accumulation and soil properties after turning over. The results showed that the performance of plant height and biomass in the three types of green manure was as followed: Vicia villosa var. > Vicia sativa L. > Astragalus sinicus L., with Vicia villosa var. being the best and suitable for planting in the region. After turning over green manures, the rice yield significantly increased compared to CK, with the yield under Vicia villosa var. reached 10.47 t/hm2, which was 58.88% higher than that of CK. Green manure turning over could improve the taste value and nutrient accumulation of rice. Compared with CK, the taste value of rice treated with Astragalus sinicus L., Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L. increased by 5.58%, 9.46% and 11.16%, respectively, and total potassium accumulation in rice straw increased by 50.88%, 42.87% and 67.70%, respectively, the total nitrogen accumulation in rice grains increased by 17.25%, 45.62% and 47.74%, respectively and the total potassium accumulation in rice seeds increased by 17.96%, 54.28%, and 48.88%, respectively, the total phosphorus accumulation in rice shoots increased by 11.32%, 62.16% and 27.41%, respectively, the total accumulation of total potassium increased by 45.53%, 44.73% and 64.64%, respectively, with the best comprehensive effect being the Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L.. Green manure could improve soil properties and had the potential to improve soil fertility. Among them, the treatment of Vicia sativa L. had a pH increase of 2.96%, organic matter increased by 10.05%, and total nitrogen content increased by 4.41% compared to CK. The treatment of Astragalus sinicus L. had an organic matter increase of 1.43%, total nitrogen content increase of 24.25%, total phosphorus content increase of 9.20%, and available phosphorus content increase of 10.95% compared to CK. In summary, the biomass and nutrient accumulation of Vicia villosa var. and Vicia sativa L. were both high, and their flipping could improve the yield, taste value and nutrient accumulation of rice. Therefore, they were recommended as green manure varieties for planting in this region; Astragalus sinicus L. and Vicia sativa L. had the potential to increase soil fertility through tillage, while Vicia sativa L. had a better effect. This study could provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of green manure and sustainable agricultural production in the northern Jiangsu region.

  Response of Water and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Maize to Phased Drought and Nitrogen Application HU Bin, LIU Enke, ZONG Rui, GAO Xia, FU Xiaoyan, GAO Yang, LI Qiumei, LI Quanqi 2024, 40 (30):  11-16.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0305 Abstract + ( 97 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1175KB )   ( 23 ) To clarify the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer application rates and phased drought on maize growth and water and water-nitrogen utilization efficiency, in this study, ‘Denghai Super 2’ and ‘Zhengdan 958’ were used as experimental materials to study the controlling effects of drought at the jointing stage, flowering stage and filling stage under different nitrogen fertilizer application rates on maize dry matter accumulation and water and nitrogen utilization efficiency through a pot experiment. The results showed that various phased droughts treatments both reduced the dry matter weight of maize grains, and reduced water use efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of maize. Drought appeared at flowering stage of maize had the maximal effects on the dry matter accumulation of grains, followed by drought appeared at jointing stage. Under drought conditions, increasing nitrogen fertilizer application rates promoted the grains accumulation and water use utilization efficiency of ‘Zhengdan 958’, which had the strong drought resistance. But as for ‘Denghai Super 2’, which had the weak drought resistance, the positive effects of increasing nitrogen fertilizer application rates were only appeared in drought at filling stage and full irrigation conditions. Nitrogen utilization efficiency of 2 varieties of maize decreased with increase of nitrogen fertilizer application rates. And the nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency of maize in drought condition at the filling stage was higher than that of other treatments (drought appeared at jointing and flowering stages, respectively). The experimental results provided a theoretical basis for water and fertilizer management of maize in the Huang-Huai-Hai region.

  Comprehensive Evaluation of Approved Fresh Soybean Cultivars Based on Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis LI Qinghua, GU Zhiwei, LIN Haifeng, YAN Dunwei, ZHENG Long, CHEN Zilin, KE Qingming 2024, 40 (30):  17-25.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0904 Abstract + ( 92 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1161KB )   ( 57 ) The aims are to make better use of the approved varieties of Fujian fresh soybean, and select more excellent varieties for the production and application of Fujian Fresh Soybean and the select breeding parents. In this study, 14 main agronomic traits of 22 approved fresh soybean varieties in Fujian Province from 2003 to 2022 were investigated and determined using genetic variation analysis, correlation analysis and principal component analysis, and principal component clustering and comprehensive evaluation were carried out. The results showed that there were abundant variation among the 14 main agronomic traits, and the coefficient of variation ranged from 3.36% to 24.65%. There were significant positive correlations between stem diameter and harvest days, between effective branch number, pod height, standard pod number of two or more seeds and plant height, between effective branches, more than two standard pods, average number of seeds per pod, pod weight per plant and stem diameter, between effective pods per plant, more than two standard pods and node number of main stem. There were significant negative correlations between the standard pod number per kg and the standard pod length, fresh 100-seed weight. Principal component analysis indicated that the cumulative variance contribution rate of the first six principal component factors, such as pod yield factor, standard pod plumpness factor, plant type factor, pod type factor, growth period factor and standard pod number factor, was 89.15%, which basically reflected the information of the original data of 22 varieties, so a comprehensive evaluation model could be constructed to screen the varieties with higher comprehensive character scores. The 22 varieties could be divided into 5 groups at the Euclidean distance of 4.86 by using class-average method, and the varieties with higher comprehensive scores of principal components were mostly in the third group. Through comprehensive analysis and evaluation, seven varieties of ‘Mindou 9’, ‘Xinghua dou 5’, ‘Mindou 10’, ‘Jiaoda11’, ‘Mindou 7’, ‘Xinghua Dou 1’ and ‘Xinghua dou 618’ were selected for the main production applications and parent selection of breeding of Fujian fresh soybean.

  Progress in the Application of Potassium-Solubilizing Bacteria in Promoting Tobacco Growth and Enhancing Stress Resistance DU Yuhai, ZHAO Zongpeng, WANG Fei, LIU Lili, ZHANG Xunxia, MA Jun, LIN Bing, MA Mengmeng, ZHANG Qiang 2024, 40 (30):  26-32.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0356 Abstract + ( 119 )   HTML ( 15 )   PDF ( 1287KB )   ( 159 ) In the current context of escalating global climate change and resource-environmental pressures, the challenges of uneven soil nutrients and plant survival under adverse conditions have become more prominent. To promote the transformation of agriculture to green sustainable development and further explore the application of potassium-solubilizing bacteria in modern agriculture, this study comprehensively analyzed the potassium-solubilizing mechanism of potassium-solubilizing bacteria and its role in soil improvement and plant nutrition improvement. Potassium-solubilizing bacteria, a kind of microorganisms that decompose silicate minerals, modify the surface structure of these minerals to convert insoluble potassium into an absorbable form by plants. This transformation is vital for enhancing soil fertility and improving environmental conditions. In tobacco cultivation, potassium-solubilizing bacteria break down silico-aluminate minerals in the soil, thereby releasing potassium. This process optimizes growth conditions, enhancing both the yield and quality of tobacco. Under adverse conditions, potassium-solubilizing bacteria boost plant resilience by enhancing nutrient absorption and regulating physiological processes within plants. This study lays a theoretical and practical groundwork for enhancing tobacco growth.

  Hardening Analysis and Breaking Studies of Snap Bean Seed SUN Jingwen, ZHANG Guanghui, LIU Chang, FENG Guojun, LIU Dajun, YAN Zhishan, YANG Xiaoxu 2024, 40 (30):  33-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb204-0027 Abstract + ( 93 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1424KB )   ( 96 ) In order to explore the influencing factors on the formation of snap bean hard seed and the methods of hard seed breaking, and to lay the foundation for the research on the breaking hard seeds of snap bean. The seed coat composition, structure and enzyme activity were measured, and germination indexes were determined by alternating wet and dry and mechanical treatments, using the snap bean seeds ‘Shengguan’as test material. The composition of snap bean seeds coat (except for proanthocyanidins) had a significant effect on seed hardness. Compared with non-hard seeds, hard seeds had thicker seed coats in all cell layers, lower protease activities and higher peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities in seeds and seed coats. The germination indexes of hard seeds showed an increasing trend with the increase of the number of dry-wet alternation. The germination potential, vigor index and germination index were 21, 9 and 8 times higher than those of the control group when the seeds were treated with alternating wet and dry for three times, respectively. The germination rate, germination potential, vigor index and germination index of mechanically treated hard seeds were 1.07 times, 3.4 times, 4 times and 3 times of those of non-hard seeds, respectively. The hardness of snap bean seeds was affected by seed coat composition, seed coat structure and enzyme activity; alternating wet and dry treatments for three times and mechanical treatments had significant positive effects on seed germination and breaking hard seeds from snap bean seeds.

  Optimization of CGMMV-VIGS System in Cucurbits WAN Lili, WANG Zhuanrong, TANG Mi, ZHANG Xuejun, REN Jian, ZENG Hongxia, ZHANG Na, WEI Jiaqi, XIONG Jianshun 2024, 40 (30):  40-47.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0328 Abstract + ( 75 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1794KB )   ( 20 ) This study aims to improve the efficiency of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV)-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in cucurbit crops. Using germplasms from cucumber, melon and watermelon, effectiveness in gene silencing was tested by using various inoculation methods with CGMMV-VIGS vector, cultivation temperatures, and relative humidity in incubator. The results demonstrated that vacuum infiltration and seed imbibition were the most effective inoculation methods, achieving the highest frequency of gene silencing (FGS) in cucurbit crops. Cucumber, melon, and watermelon showed high effectiveness of PDS silencing EGSL (100%) at the temperatures of 22℃ and 25℃ after one month of growth, significantly higher than the EGSL at 30℃. After three months, the EGSL for melon and watermelon were 89.7% and 95%, respectively at 22℃ and 85.6% and 86.1% at 25℃, both significantly higher than that at 30℃. With 30% and 50% relative humidity in incubator, the EGSL for cucumber were 70% and 72%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the EGSL at 80% humidity. For watermelon, the EGSL at 30% relative humidity was 69%, significantly higher than the EGSL at 50% humidity (38%) and 80% humidity (33%). Overall, by optimizing the inoculation methods and environmental parameters in the CGMMV-VIGS, we have improved the gene silencing rate and effectiveness in cucurbit crops. This method will facilitate rapid acquisition of VIGS germplasm resources for research about crop quality and abiotic stress resistance.

  Migration Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Farmland Soil-Wheat System XUE Zhiwei, GAO Feng, HUANG Qingqing, YANG Chunling 2024, 40 (30):  48-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0171 Abstract + ( 166 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1236KB )   ( 310 ) Winter wheat is one of the main food crops in China. The enrichment characteristics and potential risks of heavy metals were discussed to provide reference for rational planting of wheat and grain safety and quality. The contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni in soil and wheat grain samples collected from typical farmland in northern Henan were determined, and the pollution and ecological risk of heavy metals were evaluated. The results showed that the average contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni in soil were 11397.33, 287.83, 23.33, 7.41, 31.41 and 8.56 mg/kg, respectively. Most of the elements showed a significant positive correlation; the single pollution evaluation and comprehensive pollution evaluation of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni were clean. The average contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni in wheat grains were 30.42, 61.75, 23.17, 1.52, 0.28 and 0.16 mg/kg, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between individual elements. The contents of Fe, Zn, Cu were lower than the maximum tolerable content of wheat, and the content of Mn was higher than the maximum tolerable content of wheat. The comprehensive pollution evaluation of Cr was mild pollution, and the pollution evaluation of Ni was clean. There was a synergistic or antagonistic effect between heavy metals in the soil-wheat system. The enrichment coefficient of wheat grain to soil heavy metals was Zn > Mn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Fe. The risk of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil in northern Henan is low.

  Effect of Different Organic Wastes as Carrier on Effectiveness of Bacillus megaterium LIU Binghua, WU Yujian, LIU Fangchun, DING Yanqin, LIU Xinghong, MA Shengguo, PENG Lin, YU Lianjia, MA Hailin 2024, 40 (30):  55-60.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0877 Abstract + ( 68 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1206KB )   ( 19 ) In order to select the ideal carrier for Bacillus megaterium, grass charcoal, cow manure, sheep manure, chicken manure and enoki mushroom residue were used as carriers for B. megaterium to determine their effects on the adsorption capacity, effective viable bacteria number, exopolysaccharides (EPS) content and germination index of the bacterial solution. Charcoal had the highest bacterial liquid adsorption capacity which was 1.64 mL/g, but with the extension of storage time, the effective viable bacterial number and EPS content in the charcoal inoculum decreased sharply, and the germination index was less than 80% within 38 days, indicating the plant toxicity. Although the bacterial absorption capacity of chicken manure and enoki mushroom residue was smaller than that of grass charcoal, the effective viable bacterial number and EPS content in the chicken manure inoculum showed a trend of increasing. For the enoki mushroom residue inoculum, the EPS content increased gradually, and the effective viable bacteria number decreased slowly. The germination index of the two carrier inoculants was greater than 80% after 7 days of storage, indicating no plant toxicity. On the 38th day, the effective viable bacteria number of the chicken manure and enoki mushroom residue inoculants were 1.29×109 CFU/g and 6.20×108 CFU/g, respectively, the EPS content was 535.29 mg/kg and 559.34 mg/kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than other carrier inoculants. Chicken manure and enoki mushroom residue were the ideal carriers for B. megaterium.

  Technology and Application of Fast Fertilizing and High Yield Fertilization in Low Fertility Grain Fields in Suburbs of Beijing ZHAO Kaili, GUO Ning, LI Quanhui, LI Ping, WANG Yanping, CHEN Juan, YAN Fang, WANG Weirui 2024, 40 (30):  61-65.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0149 Abstract + ( 77 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1140KB )   ( 25 ) Based on the fertilization management mode of organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer, this study summarized a set of technical methods for fast fertilizing and high yield fertilization in low soil fertility fields under winter wheat-summer maize rotation in Beijing. This model was applied to the experiment in Miyun and Shunyi, and three treatments were set, including single fertilizer treatment, fast fertilizing treatment and high yield fertilizing treatment. The results showed that the yield of fast fertilizing treatment only increased about 1%-2%, but the soil organic carbon content increased about 1.06 g/kg in Miyun and 0.96 g/kg in Shunyi. The yield increase rates of high yield fertilizing treatment reached 9.9% (winter wheat) and 11.5% (summer corn) in Miyun, 10.9% (winter wheat) and 10.1% (summer corn) in Shunyi, respectively, but the soil organic carbon content only increased 0.06 g/kg in Miyun, while it did not increase Shunyi. This study provides a fertilization strategy that can increase crop yield and improve soil quality for low-fertility grain fields in the suburbs of Beijing.

  Effects of Combined Application of Cow Manure and Desulfurized Gypsum on Coastal Saline Soil and Growth of Wheat ZHANG Keyi, XIAO Hui, TIAN Xiuping, ZHANG Hui, CHENG Wenjuan, PAN Jie, DONG Yuchen 2024, 40 (30):  66-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0016 Abstract + ( 166 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1480KB )   ( 11 ) To investigate the effect of combined application of livestock manure and desulfurized gypsum on improving coastal saline-alkali soil, this study used coastal saline-alkali soil in Jinghai District, Tianjin as the experimental object. Through setting up field plot experiments, the effects of different application rates of cow manure and desulfurized gypsum on soil pH, total salt, soil ion composition, wheat plant height, 1000-grain weight, number of grains per spike and yield were analyzed to provide technical reference for the treatment of coastal saline-alkali land. The results showed that all 9 different combinations of desulfurized gypsum and cow manure could reduce soil pH, with LDLG, LDMG and LDHG treatments having the best effect, reducing pH by 2%-5%. Compared with the ion composition of CK, under the same application amount of cow manure, the contents of Na+, HCO3- and Cl- in LDLG, LDMG and LDHG were significantly reduced, while the contents of K+, SO42-, Mg2+ and Ca2+ showed increasing trends. Na+ decreased by 15.71%-24.21% compared with CK; Ca2+ increased by 110.69%-880.67%. Mg2+ increased by 133.41%-525.31%; HCO3- decreased by 22.91%-59.01%; Cl- decreased by 35.51%-48.22%; K+ increased by 16.41%-70.02%; SO42- increased by 123.21%-351.19%, and SAR value decreased by 65.59%-89.81%. The application of desulfurized gypsum and cow manure could significantly increase wheat plant height and yield, with plant height increasing by 4.78%-14.79%, and HDLG treatment reaching the maximum plant height of 64.67 cm; yield increased by -11.37%-19.55%, reaching the maximum value in LDMG. The study showed that the amount of desulfurized gypsum was significantly positively correlated with soil total salt content, and the amount of desulfurized gypsum and cow manure was significantly negatively correlated with soil pH. Under a fixed amount of cow manure, the soil total salt content showed an increasing trend with the increase of desulfurized gypsum application; under a fixed amount of desulfurized gypsum, the soil total salt content decreased with the increase of cow manure application.

  Impact of Different Planting Years on Soil Nutrient Characteristics in Grape Vineyards at Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain SUN Haoran, DONG Qiong, LI Huixia, ZHOU Jing, MA Rui, LI Xiaohui 2024, 40 (30):  75-83.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0185 Abstract + ( 135 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2838KB )   ( 20 ) The eastern foothill region of Helan Mountain possesses unique geographical and favorable ecological conditions, making it a prime grape wine production area in China. The soil nutrient conditions are closely related to the quality of wine produced in this region. In this study, three grape vineyard plots were selected based on their plantation ages: less than 5 years, 5-10 years, and over 10 years. Variance and Pearson correlation were conducted to examine the relationships between soil chemical properties, nutrient status, and soil nutrient factors in vineyards of different plantation ages. The study revealed that the pH of the soil exhibited a decreasing trend when the plantation age was between 5 and 10 years. However, when the plantation age exceeded 10 years, the pH started to increase. In soils with vineyards aged between 5 and 10 years, the content of available phosphorus and rapidly available potassium showed significant fluctuations. However, these content levels began to recover when the vineyard age exceeded 10 years. The organic matter, alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium contents in soil at different depths were only moderately influenced by vineyard age, with fluctuations within a certain range. Correlation analysis among nutrient factors revealed a significant decrease in correlations among these factors after the plantation age exceeded 10 years. These findings indicate that with increasing plantation age, both soil nutrient factors and the relationships between them undergo changes, which provided a basis and clues for improving soil nutrition and serves as a reference for the development of high-quality specialty industries and the adjustment of industrial structure in our region.

  Current Application Status of Soil Improvers WANG Lina, WANG Di, REN Cuimei, GU Xin, ZHANG Hongyu, LI Na, QI Guochao, FENG Peng 2024, 40 (30):  84-88.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0268 Abstract + ( 93 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1015KB )   ( 38 ) An important goal of soil management in the Songnen Plain is improvement of soda saline-alkali soil. Summing up the previous research results on soil improvement, this article summarized the application types, action mechanisms, improvement effects, existing problems of improvers in soil improvement, and looked forward to the application prospects of improvers, in order to provide reference for future in-depth research. The results showed that improvers could be divided into inorganic improvers, organic improvers, and microbial agents. The use of combined improvers was better than that of single improver. The application of improvers improved soil physical and chemical properties, structure, nutrient content, and micro ecological environment, and promote plant growth. The research and development of new organic improvers were the focus of future research.

  Analysis of Agricultural Meteorological Conditions of Apple in Zhaoyuan Area in 2023 FAN Xianzheng, WANG Pengkai, ZHANG Juan, LIN Minghua, YANG Jinling, ZHANG Cuiying 2024, 40 (30):  89-93.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0157 Abstract + ( 116 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1091KB )   ( 26 ) Based on the observation data of apple phenological period in Zhaoyuan in 2023, as well as meteorological elements such as light, temperature and water during the four phenological periods of apple flowering, fruit setting, fruit expansion and ripening, the variation characteristics of monthly meteorological conditions and their effects on apple growth were analyzed. The results showed that meteorological conditions had more advantages than disadvantages to apple growth during the whole growth period. The temperature rose faster in spring, the phonology period was 10 d earlier than last year, the ripening and picking period was 12 d later than last year, and the whole growing period of apple was extended. Less precipitation in April was beneficial to apple pollination and increasing fruit setting rate. The temperature was higher, the accumulated temperature was more, and the light was sufficient, so the time of fruit expanding period was extended. Higher temperature, suitable light and less precipitation in the late growth period of apple are very beneficial to apple coloring, increasing sweetness and improving apple quality. The research results suggested the best meteorological conditions during apple growth, which provided strong meteorological science and technology support for rational use of favorable agricultural climate resources, assisting fruit farmers scientifically manage apple planting, seeking benefits and avoiding disadvantages, developing fruit production, improving apple quality and economic benefits, and providing scientific reference for characteristic meteorological services.

  Application of Transcriptome Sequencing Technology in Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Research LANG Tao, YANG Feiyang, PU Zhigang, ZHANG Cong, LI Ming, YU Ma, QU Huijuan, WU Jingyu, ZHANG Lu, DIAO Du, FENG Junyan 2024, 40 (30):  94-102.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0375 Abstract + ( 77 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1262KB )   ( 32 ) Sweetpotato is an important food, fodder and industrial raw material crop in the world. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technologies, transcriptome sequencing technology has been widely used in sweetpotato studies. To better carry out research on functional gene mining and important trait regulation mechanisms analyzing in sweetpotato using transcriptomics techniques in the future, this study analyzed the profile of sweetpotato transcriptome data shared by research institutions in various countries, and summarized the applications and achievements of transcriptome sequencing technology in researches on sweetpotato over recent years, from the aspects of response to adversity stress, tuberous root development and starch synthesis. It was pointed out that there were still deficiencies in experimental design, data mining, and practicality of research results in current sweetpotato transcriptome studies. It was proposed that in further studies, transcriptomics technologies should be integrated with other omics technologies and genetic analysis methods to promote the continuous deepening of sweetpotato research.

  Analysis of Volatile Components of Endophytic Fungus HDM07 in Cannabis sativa L. XING Xiangyu, CONG Tianyue, GUAN Xin, QI Kexiang, LI Wanru, ZHANG He, YOU Mengyao, WU Tong, ZHENG Chunying 2024, 40 (30):  103-113.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0055 Abstract + ( 87 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1982KB )   ( 81 ) This study aims to exploit volatile components of endophytic fungus HDM07 isolated from Cannabis sativa L., and to explore the biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites from HDM07. The research took the endophytic fungus HDM07 obtained from Cannabis sativa L. as the subject. GC-MS and retrieval mass spectrometry database were employed to identify the volatile components in both the fermentation broth and mycelium of HDM07. Morphological observation and 18S rDNA sequence analysis were conducted for strain identification. Results indicated that the method of GC-MS and mass spectrometry analysis, along with database retrieval from endophytic fungi HDM07, determined 11 volatile components in the fermented liquid. Furthermore, fungus HDM07 revealed 14 volatile constituents in mycelium and Cannabis sativa L. leaf identified 12 elements. In a blank reference substance solution (PDB medium), appraisal revealed 7 ingredients. The endophytic fungus HDM07 was identified as Alternaria alternate. These findings suggest that the synthesis pathways of volatile components in HDM07 fermentation broth and mycelia are both related yet distinct. Both the fermentation broth and mycelium of endophytic fungus HDM07 contained similar or identical volatile components to those found in Cannabis sativa L., and also contained unique ones, indicating a certain correlation between the strain and its host plant's synthesis of volatile components.

  Research Progress on Diversity and Function of Endophytic Fungi in Plants SONG Xiaoshuang, ZHANG Yao, LI Yazhou, DENG Xun 2024, 40 (30):  114-118.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0216 Abstract + ( 97 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1056KB )   ( 1219 ) To deepen the understanding of the interaction between plants and entophytic fungi, and better use the entophytic fungi in the future, the diversity, biological functions, ecological functions and resource utilization of endophytic fungi in plants were reviewed. Endophytic fungi are a kind of symbiotic fungal groups in plants, and they live and interact with plants in roots, stems, leaves and other parts of plants. They can promote plant growth and development through various ways, including providing nutrients needed by plants, enhancing plant disease resistance and improving plant adaptability to adversity. This paper laid a foundation for the effective use of entophytic fungi in the future, and provided a better theoretical basis and practical guidance for plant ecology and agricultural production.

  Root Rot Pathogens of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Screening of Biocontrol Bacteria YUAN Menglei, CUI Mingyue, ZHANG Zitong, LIU Yayu, LIU Fangchun, MA Hailin, LIU Xinghong, YAN Liping 2024, 40 (30):  119-127.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0735 Abstract + ( 90 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 2735KB )   ( 17 ) To screen the biocontrol bacteria of Salvia miltiorrhiza root rot, the infected S. miltiorrhiza and rhizosphere soil from healthy S. miltiorrhiza in Rizhao, Linyi, and Tai'an cities of Shandong Province were used as test materials. The tissue separation method was used to isolate the root rot pathogen from infected S. miltiorrhiza. The gradient dilution plate method and disk diffusion method were used to screen biocontrol bacteria from rhizosphere soil. Identification was achieved through the use of morphological characteristics and 16S rRNA, and control effect testing was carried out on the detached S. miltiorrhiza. The results showed that the pathogen RBT-2-1 isolated from infected S. miltiorrhiza was Fusarium equiseti, and the biocontrol bacterium i screened from rhizosphere soil was Pseudomonas chloriraphis subsp. aurantiaca. The antibacterial rate of i against TBG-2-1 was 66.67%. The control effect of i against TBG-2-1 on the detached S. miltiorrhiza in the prevention group was higher than in the treatment group. Furthermore, the addition of i in the prevention group resulted in the best control effect, reaching 44.45%. The prevention group of adding i was 1.6 times higher than the prevention group without addition, and 7.0 times higher than the treatment group. It can be concluded that the sequence and frequency of inoculation with i will affect the prevention efficacy of TBG-2-1. This study serves as a guide for future field experiments.

  Research on Control Effect of Streptomyces costaricanus Strain A-m1 on Wheat Scab LI Yongli, CHEN Lei, ZHOU Zhou, GENG Shubao, QIAO Li, ZHANG Fangmei, CHEN Lijun, WANG Lijuan 2024, 40 (30):  128-134.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0192 Abstract + ( 72 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 2024KB )   ( 24 ) The control effects of Streptomyces costaricanus strain A-m1 on wheat scab were studied in order to lay a foundation for the development of biocontrol agents for wheat production. The effects of A-m1 on spore germination and mycelial growth of wheat scab pathogen were determined, the genetic and enzymatic basis of the bacteriostatic effect of strain A-m1 was analyzed, and the control effect of spraying A-m1 bacterial liquid at flowering stage and applying A-m1 solid bacterial fertilizer at sowing stage on wheat scab was explored. The findings revealed that strain A-m1 exerted a potent inhibitory influence on both the conidial germination and mycelial expansion of Fusarium graminearum. The genomic of A-m1 encoded genes for the synthesis of streptomycin and tetracycline antibiotics, as well as genes such as casein, β-1, 3-glucanase, cellulase, and chitinase. They had the effect of inhibiting or decomposing pathogenic bacteria, and further biochemical analysis verified the secretion of the four enzymes. Spraying A-m1 fermentation broth at wheat flowering stage had a control effect of 52.28 % on wheat scab, a level of efficacy comparable to that of a 1000-fold dilution of 80% carbendazim solution. The application of A-m1 bacterial fertilizer substituting a portion of the traditional compound fertilizer at the sowing stage, led to a marked increase in the activity of defense enzymes, including polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, catalase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. At the same time, the content of malondialdehyde was lower, and the control effect on wheat scab was 57.18 %. In this study, the control effect of strain A-m1 on wheat scab was clarified, and the underlying mechanisms of its protective action had been partially dissected. Field experiments also confirmed the control effect of A-m1 fermentation broth spraying and strain A-m1 bacterial fertilizer application on wheat scab during sowing period, which laid a good foundation for the reduction of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in wheat production.

  Theaflavin Production: A Review CHANG Junyi, ZHOU Zhimei, DU Shaolong 2024, 40 (30):  135-140.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0339 Abstract + ( 89 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1141KB )   ( 92 ) Theaflavins are the main components of black tea, which have great potential and promising applications in the fields of foods and medicines. Base on the synthesis mechanism of theaflavin, the advance of the main preparation methods of theaflavin was summerized, such as direct extraction and preparation in vitro which can be divided into chemical oxidation method, enzymatic oxidation method and biomimetic synthesis method. The primal problem of the above synthesis methods, such as the inability to achieve industrialization, were also addressed, possible future research fields were reviewed in this paper, with the aim of providing a reference for the research and development of preparation of theaflavins.

  The Synergistic Antioxidant Activity of Three Berry Anthocyanins: Study Based on Uniform Design in Vitro WANG Hua, JIN Huanhuan, YU Xiaoying, LI Mengsha, HE Danrao, ZHOU Liping 2024, 40 (30):  141-148.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0393 Abstract + ( 72 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1360KB )   ( 20 ) In order to study the synergistic antioxidant activity of three types of berry anthocyanins, the DPPH free radical scavenging rate was used as an indicator. The uniform experimental design method was used to optimize the synergistic antioxidant combination of three types of berry anthocyanins. After statistical analysis and mathematical regression model fitting, the optimal combination was obtained: Vaccinium uliginosum L. anthocyanin (DP), Ribes nigrum L. anthocyanin (HP), and Lonicera caerulea L. var. edulis Turcz. ex Herd. anthocyanin (LP) with optimal concentrations of 0.08 mg/mL, 0.14 mg/mL, and 0.18 mg/mL, respectively. The actual scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals was (97.67±0.51)%, which was close to the theoretical expected value of 100%, indicating the feasibility of the optimized combination. Through synergistic effect analysis, the CI values of the synergistic effect index for clearing DPPH free radicals and hydroxyl free radicals in the optimal combination were 0.297 and 0.651, respectively, further indicating that the purified anthocyanins of DP, HP, and LP have significant synergistic antioxidant effects. The research results can provide a basis for the development of natural antioxidant products and small berry functional products.

  Effects of Different Biological Diets on Reproductive Performance and Offspring Quality of Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) CHEN Zhi, ZOU Shuangyan, WENG Zhaohong, ZOU Lizhen, FANG Chuihong 2024, 40 (30):  149-154.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0001 Abstract + ( 157 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1349KB )   ( 272 ) The aim of this study is to identify biological diets that effectively enhance gonadal development and spawning in T. tridentatus. Five groups of biological diets were administered to T. tridentatus, comprising Ruditapes philippinarus (A), Perinereis bidentata (B), Ostreagigas (C), R. philippinarus + P. bidentata combination (D), and Ostreagigas + P. bidentata combination (E). The effects of different diets on the quality of offspring were analyzed by comparing the egg diameter, hatching rate and the width of the first-age larva's cuticle, and the effects of different diets on reproductive performance were evaluated. The results showed that the number and frequency of spawning in group D were higher than those of other test groups, followed by group E, and the number and quality of spawning in mixed test group were higher than those of single test group. R. philippinarus and P. bidentata are more suitable for the development of parent T. tridentatus gonadal enhanced culture, which can significantly promote the gonadal development and spawning. The conclusion of this study provides reference for the development of safe, efficient and high-quality gonadal ripening food for T. tridentatus.

  Study on Evaluation Method of Meteorological Index for Overwintering Syndrome of Freshwater Fish DENG Aijuan, LIU Kequn, LIU Zhixiong, LIU Kaiwen, HAN Yuzhang, YE Pei 2024, 40 (30):  155-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0089 Abstract + ( 81 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1386KB )   ( 29 ) In order to scientifically prevent the overwintering syndrome of freshwater fish and reduce the risk of disease outbreaks, this study, based on recent surveys of disease occurrence and data collection, deeply analyzed the meteorological background differences in the occurrence of overwintering syndrome diseases and established a meteorological assessment method for the onset of freshwater fish wintering syndrome. By statistically analyzing key meteorological elements, such as the first day when the temperature stably passes 12℃, the temperature before the cooling process, the time of cooling process occurrence, the cooling amplitude and accompanying precipitation amount, rainy days, etc., we identified the meteorological factors affecting fish overwintering syndrome. The study found that in addition to cooling and precipitation, the meteorological conditions before cooling were also important factors affecting the degree of fish disease occurrence. Based on this, we constructed a warming trap index based on risk trap theory and a precipitation index that comprehensively considers rainfall and rainy days, and developed a comprehensive meteorological index for fish overwintering syndrome. The results show that this comprehensive meteorological index can accurately reflect the timing and degree of disease occurrence, which is highly consistent with the actual disease situation. In addition, the study also determined the cumulative comprehensive meteorological index thresholds for different disease grades. This assessment method provides a scientific basis for meteorological monitoring and forecasting of freshwater fish overwintering syndrome.