Current issue

• 2025 Vol.41 No.11 Published:15 April 2025

  Effects of Different Sowing Dates on Seedling Quality and Tillering Dynamics of Rice During Field Nutritional Growth Period in Sanjiang Plain CHU Chunyan, LI Chenhui, WANG Yan, PANG Yunchao, HAN Junjie, WANG Ping, ZHAI Mo, JIANG Lixia 2025, 41 (11):  1-7.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0466 Abstract + ( 66 )   HTML ( 9 )   PDF ( 1424KB )   ( 35 ) By studying the effects of different sowing dates on the growth characteristics and tillering dynamics of rice seedlings during the vegetative growth stage, this paper provides a basis for scientifically selecting the sowing and transplanting dates for rice production and promoting stable and high yields. Taking the main cultivar ‘Longjing 31’ in the Sanjiang Plain as the test material, four sowing periods were set with a time step of 10 d between adjacent sowing periods, the local multi-year average sowing period was set as the second period (T2), and one forward phase (T1) and two backward phases (T3-T4) were set together to carry out the trial. The results showed that as the sowing date delayed, the rice development period was delayed and shortened, the development process of rice accelerated, the number of unsuitable days of daily temperature suitability decreased, the temperature suitability during the development period increased, and the effective accumulated temperature of ≥ 10℃ decreased. The coefficient of determination of effective accumulated temperature (≥10℃ ) and tiller number was above 92.8 %, and the influence coefficient of effective accumulated temperature (≥10℃ ) on tiller number was between 4.7 and 8.9; T1 sowing stage encountered a stage low temperature with the lowest temperature of 3.3 °C from regreening to tillering stage, and the daily temperature suitability for 7 consecutive days was less than 0.3, of which 4 days was 0, and the seedling trait index was the lowest; the maximum plant height and leaf area per plant were 73 cm and 103.27 cm2 at T2 sowing stage, the dry matter of each plant was 1.01 g, the maximum number of tillers in the hole reached 18 plants. Above all, the seedling quality index was the highest in T2, followed by T3, and May 11-21 was the best transplanting period. The research results can provide theoretical basis for the scientific selection of transplanting period, seeking benefits and avoiding harm, and promoting stable and high yield in rice planting.

  Evaluation of Salt Tolerance During Germination and Seedling Stage of Guangdong Simiao Rice Varieties LIANG Jiayan, KONG Leilei, HU Xiaodan, YANG Xujian, YANG Wu, BAI Song 2025, 41 (11):  8-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0416 Abstract + ( 54 )   HTML ( 17 )   PDF ( 1337KB )   ( 17 ) This study aims to evaluate the salt tolerance of Guangdong Simiao rice varieties during the germination and seedling stages, providing a scientific basis for variety selection and theoretical guidance for Simiao rice production. Fifteen Guangdong Simiao rice varieties were selected as research objects, and their performance at different growth stages was observed through salt stress treatment, with specific evaluation indicators including germination rate and seedling survival rate. The research results show that salt stress significantly inhibits the seed germination rate and germination potential of Simiao rice varieties. Notably, during the germination and seedling stages, hybrid rice shows stronger tolerance compared to conventional rice, especially 'Qingxiangyou 19 xiang' and 'Ruanhuayoujinsi', which exhibit higher salt tolerance. In the seedling stage, varieties such as 'Xiangxiuzhan', 'Lixiangzhan', 'Nanjingxiangzhan', 'Hengfengyouyouxiang', and 'Gengxiangyoulisimiao' also show higher salt tolerance. Given the significant differences in salt tolerance among different varieties, it is recommended to give priority to varieties or hybrids with stronger salt tolerance after comprehensively considering other variety demand factors. In addition, different measures should be adopted for different varieties when facing salt stress to improve yield stability.

  Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Development and Lodging Resistance of Intercropped Soybeans LIU Ping, BI Haibin, YANG Yunfeng, ZHUO Ma, ZHAO Qingqing, WEN Tinggang, CHEN Yuli 2025, 41 (11):  16-21.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0638 Abstract + ( 52 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF ( 1278KB )   ( 30 ) In order to clarify the effective ways for intercropping soybean to resist lodging, a field experiment of spraying plant growth regulators on soybean corn strip composite planting was conducted in the summer soybean growing season of 2023. A split zone design was adopted, with the main zone as the planting mode. Two planting modes were set up: soybean corn 6:4 mode (M1) and soybean corn 6:3 mode (M2); the sub zone was treated with growth regulators, consisting of four treatments: R1 (silicon fertilizer), R2 (silicon fertilizer+27.5% hexanoic·mepiquat chloride), R3 (27.5% hexanoic·mepiquat chloride), and R4 (water control); all together there were eight treatments. By systematically analyzing the differences in SPAD values, canopy nutritional indicators, lodging resistance traits, and yield indicators of soybean top three leaves among different treatments, the effects of silicon fertilizer and hexanoic·mepiquat chloride on the growth, development, and lodging resistance of intercropped soybeans were clarified. The results showed that during the grain filling stage of summer soybeans, the nutritional parameters of the plant canopy in each treatment were higher than those of the control. The R2 treatment had the highest stem bending resistance, stem dry weight, and stem plumpness. The main stem length of the R2 and R3 treatments was lower than that of the R1 and R4 treatments, but the differences between treatments were not significant; the yield and yield components (number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, and 100 grain weight) of each treatment were higher than those of the control R4 treatment; the yield was highest in the R2 treatment, and the yield of the M1R2 treatment was higher than that of the M2R2 treatment; the lodging resistance index was significantly positively correlated with stem bending resistance and stem thickness, and negatively correlated with main stem length. Both silicon fertilizer and hexanoic·mepiquat chloride spray can improve the nutritional indicators of the summer soybean canopy during the grain filling stage. At the same time, by increasing the stem bending resistance and stem plumpness of soybean plants, we can reduce plant height, improve soybean lodging resistance index, and inhibit plant lodging. In summary, silicon fertilizer and hexanoic·mepiquat chloride can promote plant photosynthetic production and yield formation by enhancing plant resistance, reducing plant height, and improving plant spatial structure.

  Comprehensive Evaluation of ‘Gonggu’ Series Simplified Cultivated Varieties and Its Supporting Production Technology AN Yaming, ZHAO Wenqing, ZHAO Yu, LIU Huijing, GAO Yang, LIU Meng, FU Bowen, LI Shunguo 2025, 41 (11):  22-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0780 Abstract + ( 42 )   HTML ( 8 )   PDF ( 1321KB )   ( 10 ) The purpose of this study is to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of simplified cultivated varieties and their supporting technologies of ‘Gonggu’ series millet, explore the efficient production technology of millet, and promote the high-quality development of millet industry. Based on the survey data of 102 farmers in Northeast China for three years, this study used the osculating value model to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of ‘Gonggu’ series simplified cultivars and supporting production technologies. The results showed that the osculating values of ‘Gonggu’ series varieties in 2021, 2022 and 2023 were 0.0167, 0.1146 and 0.1674, respectively, which were lower than those of common foxtail millet varieties and maize, indicating that the comprehensive benefits of this series of varieties were the highest. On the whole, the osculating value of ‘Gonggu’ series in 2022 was the lowest, which was 0.1350, indicating that the comprehensive benefit of ‘Gonggu’ series in 2022 was the best, while the osculating value of corn in 2021 was the highest, which was 0.6175, indicating that the comprehensive benefit of corn in 2021 was the lowest. The comprehensive benefit of the simplified cultivated variety ‘Gonggu’ series is the best; common millet varieties are in the middle level; corn plays an important role in ensuring grain yield, but the comprehensive benefit is relatively low. Therefore, we should increase the promotion of ‘Gonggu’ series varieties, improve the benefits of common millet varieties, and adjust the industrial structure and technological innovation of maize, so as to improve the comprehensive benefits of various varieties and promote the efficient, environmental protection and sustainable development of agriculture. The method innovation of this study lies in the application of osculating value model, which provides a scientific and objective evaluation tool for the comprehensive benefit evaluation of simplified cultivated varieties of millet, and the conclusion of the results provides a clear optimization direction and strategic suggestions for millet planting.

  Screening and Validation of miRNA Reference Genes and Genes in Ilex asprella under Cadmium Stress ZHOU Xinyu, QIU Zijie, HUANG Jinheng, NIE Xiaofeng, YANG Quan, LIAO Peiran 2025, 41 (11):  31-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0543 Abstract + ( 41 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1486KB )   ( 13 ) The objective of this study was to identify stably expressed internal reference miRNAs and genes under cadmium (Cd) stress in the roots of Ilex asprella, for the purpose of determining the expression levels of Cd stress-responsive miRNAs and their target genes. In this study, total RNA was extracted from Ilex asprella roots subjected to various Cd stress durations, followed by reverse transcription. Subsequently, the Ct values of 9 candidate internal reference miRNAs and 8 candidate internal reference genes were determined through RT-qPCR experiments. The optimal internal reference miRNAs and genes were subsequently identified through a comprehensive and systematic analysis using tools such as geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. After that, based on the best internal reference miRNAs and genes, this study further determined the expression of 6 miRNAs and their target genes in response to Cd stress in the roots of Ilex asprella. The results showed that although the results of various tools were different due to algorithm differences, in the comprehensive analysis of RefFinder, this study identified UBQ as the best internal reference gene, with the stability ranking of UBQ > Actin > 18S > GAPDH > UBC > EF1-α > 28S > α-TUB, the best internal reference miRNA was U6, and the stability ranking was U6 > 5S > MIR156ab > MIR396f > MIR159d > MIR390j > MIR171t > U4 > MIR166ab. The expression analysis results of 6 miRNAs and their target genes showed that under the Cd stress, the expression of MIR159c decreased gradually, while the expression of MIR171a and MIR393a increased significantly. In addition, the expression levels of MIR167m-5p, MIR399f-5p and MIR529d increased first and then decreased. There was a significant negative correlation between these miRNAs and their target genes, which indicated that under Cd stress environment, Ilex asprella could negatively regulate its target genes through miRNAs to adapt to Cd stress. In conclusion, this study successfully screened the best internal reference gene UBQ and internal reference miRNA U6 in the roots of Ilex asprella under Cd stress, and detected the expression of miRNAs and their target genes in response to Cd stress, which provided a theoretical basis for in-depth study of the regulation mechanism of Cd stress on the expression of miRNAs and their target genes in Ilex asprella.

  Dynamic Analysis of Soil in Chinese Fir Plantations in Recent 40 Years: Visualization Analysis of Knowledge Graph Based on CiteSpace GU Zongli, JIANG Chunqian, HUANG Xingzhao, LIU Jianzhong, ZANG Yiming, BAI Yanfeng 2025, 41 (11):  40-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0578 Abstract + ( 47 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2906KB )   ( 7 ) The study aims to analyze the research dynamics of soil in Chinese fir plantations, and to provide data support for researchers in China to carry out soil research in cedar plantation forests in the future. This study is based on the CiteSpace software and adopts the bibliometric method to conduct a visual analysis of the target literature on the soil of Chinese fir plantations from 1994 to 2024 in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and constructs a knowledge map. The results showed that, from 1994 to 2024, CNKI included a total of 29700 pieces of literature on soil research in Chinese fir plantations, with 3163 pieces of valid literature remaining after eliminating the invalid ones, and the published journals were mainly forestry and ecology journals such as Acta Ecologica Sinica, Scientia Silvae Sinicae, and Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology, etc; the research institutes mainly included Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fujian Normal University, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, and Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry; and the top 10 keywords mainly appeared in the fields of 'soil nutrients', 'apoptosis' and 'microbial community'. Domestic researchers and scholars have scattered research topics in the field of soil in Chinese fir plantations, and it is recommended that in-depth research be conducted in the future in the fields of Chinese fir soil microbial communities, forest root crowns, limitations of forest growth and development, and biodiversity conservation.

  Research Progress on Detection, Extraction and Application of Menthol in Peppermint TIAN Yujie, WANG Zhi, LI Wenshan, CHEN Nengfei, YU Chunxin, YANG Liu 2025, 41 (11):  49-54.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0599 Abstract + ( 57 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1215KB )   ( 11 ) Peppermint is an herb with a long history in China, and China is also one of the largest peppermint growing countries in the world. Peppermint contains volatile oil and flavonoids, of which menthol is the key component, which has antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Menthol has attracted attention due to its cool aroma and pharmacological effects. This paper reviewed the research progress of menthol detection, extraction and application, including its physical and chemical properties and pharmacological effects. The detection techniques such as gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the extraction techniques such as CO2 supercritical extraction, organic solvent extraction and microwave-assisted extraction were introduced. The article also summarized the application of menthol in medicine, food, cosmetics and other fields, and prospects its future development. In depth study of menthol is of great significance to the implementation of national agricultural, rural and farmer policies and rural revitalization strategies.

  Research Progress on Biological Enhancement of Soils Contaminated with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Focusing on Bacterial Chemotaxis Mechanism and Application LIU Yuantong, SHI Yueqi, AO Guoxu, WANG Zhaoxuan, SUN Shanshan 2025, 41 (11):  55-63.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0795 Abstract + ( 40 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1731KB )   ( 6 ) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of persistent organic pollutants widely present in the environment. Their concentrations in soil can reach several thousand micrograms per kilogram, causing serious damage to the soil ecological environment. Traditional physical and chemical remediation methods are not only costly, but also potentially cause secondary pollution. Currently, bioremediation has been proven to be clean and sustainable and is widely used for PAHs-contaminated soil remediation. Importantly, the bacterial chemotaxis mechanism enables more PAHs-degrading bacteria to actively migrate towards the target contaminant, thereby improving the bioavailability of PAHs to microorganisms. Therefore, this article reviewed the degradation mechanism of how bacterial chemotaxis can enhance the bioavailability of PAHs and offered suggestions for future theoretical and applied research directions in microbial PAH degradation, providing a theoretical basis for further exploring the degradation mechanism of bacterial chemotaxis in PAHs.

  Impact of “Moss-Algae-SJP” on Restoration of Biological Soil Crusts in Sandy Land QIN Xinke, LI Qi, LI Yuhang, ZHANG Huiyuan, HE Changlong, HUANG Xinrui, ZHANG Weizhen, LEI Ningfei, PEI Xiangjun 2025, 41 (11):  64-73.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0577 Abstract + ( 37 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1830KB )   ( 8 ) In recent years, land desertification has become one of the most important and pressing ecological environmental issues globally, biological soil crusts can form protective layers with a certain coverage, thickness, and well-developed structure, which is conducive to the ecological restoration of desertified land. However, the impact of biological-chemical composite crusts on desertified land remains unclear. This study selected sandy soil from the Hetian region of Xinjiang, constructed soil crust layers by adding SJP organic materials combined with different types and concentrations of mosses (Fissidens sp., Plagiomnium sp., Bryum sp.) and algae (Anabaena azollae, Oscillatoria sp., Trebouxia sp.), and selected the optimal configuration scheme based on soil nutrient content, enzyme activity, and microbial community structure characteristics. The results showed that the contents of soil organic carbon, available potassium, available phosphorus, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and pH increased continuously with the increase of treatment time under different types and concentrations of treatments. Soil enzyme activity was generally improved compared to the blank control group. The soil crust layers significantly affected soil microbial diversity, with dominant species belonging to Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes. The study on microbial diversity showed that each treatment group had a significant impact on soil bacterial diversity, and the bacterial communities of the signature species differed at the genus level. Based on principal component analysis, the optimal soil crust scheme was determined to be 30 g/m2 Fissidens sp. + 10 g/m2 Anabaena azollae, this study provided certain technical support for the ecological restoration of desertified land.

  Research Progress on Relieving Effect of Exogenous Substances on Inhibition of Anaerobic Digestion by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons SUN Xiyuan, AO Guoxu, WANG Zhaoxuan, GE Jingping, LING Hongzhi, SUN Shanshan 2025, 41 (11):  74-81.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0741 Abstract + ( 40 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 3003KB )   ( 13 ) Anaerobic digestion, a widely utilized technology for the treatment of organic waste, offers the dual benefits of emission reduction and energy recovery. Anaerobic digestion is susceptible to various factors due to the complex biochemical reactions involved in the process. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of refractory organic pollutants, which mainly come from human activities such as industrial wastewater, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and automobile exhaust emissions. PAHs possess toxicity and adsorptive. In anaerobic digestion systems, it is necessary to find methods to reduce the content of PAHs in the substrate since PAHs often mix with other materials, influencing hydrolysis, acidification and methanogenesis, which hinder degradation of substrate and methane production. Compared to physical and chemical methods such as heating, adsorption and photolysis, adding exogenous substances to promote the removal of PAHs has the advantages of simplicity, lower cost and reduced secondary pollution. The paper reviewed the influencing factors of anaerobic digestion, the inhibitory effects of PAHs on anaerobic digestion and strategies to alleviate the inhibitory effects of PAHs by introducing different exogenous substances, aiming to provide references for further improving the anaerobic digestion technology.

  Effects of Shrub Expansion on Soil Microbial Diversity in Wetlands of Sanjiang Plain WANG Shenzheng, ZHANG Rongtao, LI Lin, CHAI Chunrong 2025, 41 (11):  82-89.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0585 Abstract + ( 36 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 2028KB )   ( 3 ) Shrub expansion affects plant growth and soil physicochemical properties, leading to changes in the metabolic pathway of the soil microbiota. However, little is known about the relationship between different intensities of shrub expansion and the soil microbial community structure and diversity in the short term. In this study, we investigated the changes in soil microbial community structure under varying intensities of shrub expansion in the wetlands of the Sanjiang Plain using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) technology. The results showed that soil microbial taxa at different shrub expansion intensities were dominated by Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, saprophytic fungi, and tufted mycorrhizal fungi. Additionally, the cumulative concentrations of all PLFA biomarkers were ranked as followed: CK>MI>HI>SI. Shrub expansion altered soil microbial abundance; however, the effect on their relative abundance was not significant. Different intensities of shrub invasion had a significant impact on soil microbial composition (β-diversity) but not on α-diversity when compared to CK. The primary physicochemical drivers of the differences in soil microbial communities caused by shrub expansion were total nitrogen (TN), soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP). The findings of this study aim to support the scientific management of integrated wetland systems, such as the restoration of marsh ecosystems in the Sanjiang Plain and the stabilization of ecosystem structure.

  Effects of AM Fungi on Carotenoids and Flavonoids in Mulberry Trees DU Nianzhi 2025, 41 (11):  90-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0459 Abstract + ( 43 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 2307KB )   ( 3 ) This study explores the effects of inoculating three types of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the growth and development, and active compound production of mulberry trees in non-sterilized soil. Using the 'TeYou No. 2' mulberry variety as material and natural soil as the substrate, we conducted a pot experiment with four treatments: a control group (CK), and inoculations with Claroideoglomus etunicatum (CE), Funneliformis mosseae (FM), and Rhizophagus intraradices (RI). After 120 days, data on mulberry biomass, leaf carotenoids, and flavonoids were collected. The results revealed that, compared to the control group, root fresh weights increased by 57.57%, 81.92%, and 90.03% for CE, FM, and RI inoculations, respectively, while root dry weights rose by 24.10%, 47.65%, and 72.58%. The net photosynthetic rates for CE, FM, and RI increased by 20.73%, 4.22%, and 25.41%, respectively, and carotenoid content grew by 28.57%, 28.57%, and 35.71%. The average flavonoid content in leaves for CE, FM, and RI was 4.23 mg/g, 3.31 mg/g, and 3.85 mg/g, all exceeding the control group’s 2.55 mg/g. Inoculation with AM fungi in non-sterilized soil positively impacted mulberry growth, enhanced root development, increased active compound accumulation in leaves, and fostered a beneficial symbiotic relationship with the mulberry trees.

  Impact of Fermentation with Salt-tolerant Growth-promoting Bacteria on Composition and Application Effect of Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) Frass HUANG Xin, GU Qingqing, WU Ling, CAO Fan, JIN Yuqing, CHEN Yan, GUO Cong, KE Peibei, LI Yujuan 2025, 41 (11):  100-106.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0772 Abstract + ( 39 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1374KB )   ( 3 ) Insect frass of black soldier flies fed with kitchen waste generally exhibits a relatively high salt content, which poses certain constraints on its utilization as organic fertilizer. This study was designed to investigate the impacts of fermentation with salt-tolerant growth-promoting bacteria on the composition of the insect frass and its application efficacy, thus offering a reference for alleviating the adverse effects associated with the application of black soldier fly frass. Four salt-tolerant strains isolated from halophytes were formulated into a mixed bacterial suspension. This suspension was inoculated into the black soldier fly frass at an inoculation ratio of 10% (v/w) and subjected to aerobic fermentation at 30℃ for 28 days. After fermentation, the composition of the insect frass was determined. The fermented (F) and unfermented (UF) insect frass were separately added to the horticultural substrate at proportions of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20% (v/v). They were then thoroughly blended and filled into aperture disk. Chinese cabbage ‘Suzhou Green’ was sown and cultivated at room temperature for 30 days. The treatment without the addition of insect frass was designated as the control (CK). After the cultivation phase, the plant indices and the physico-chemical properties of the substrate were measured. The results revealed that, in terms of the insect frass composition, fermentation with salt-tolerant growth-promoting bacteria significantly enhanced the organic matter and total nutrient content of the black soldier fly frass (P<0.05). Nevertheless, it led to a notable decrease in humic acid and available nutrients (P<0.05). When the fermentation duration was within 21 days, the content of water-soluble salts in the fermented insect frass also decreased to a certain extent. Regarding the influence on Chinese cabbage, when the insect frass addition level was 2.5% and 5%, the root indices, leaf area and average dry weight of Chinese cabbage in the unfermented insect frass treatment were higher compared to those in the fermented insect frass treatment. Conversely, when the addition level was 10% and 20%, the corresponding indices of Chinese cabbage in the unfermented insect frass treatment were lower than those in the fermented insect frass treatment. In terms of the impact on the substrate, when the insect frass addition amount was 2.5% and 5%, there was no significant disparity between the substrates with unfermented and fermented insect frass additions. When the addition amount was 10% and 20%, the available nutrients and EC value of the substrate with unfermented insect frass addition were significantly higher than those of the fermented insect frass addition (P<0.05). In summary, fermentation with salt-tolerant growth-promoting bacteria can, to a certain degree, improve the quality of black soldier fly frass sourced from kitchen waste and mitigate the negative impacts stemming from its application.

  Effects of Nitrogen Reduction Combined with Biostimulants on Nitrogen Absorption and Glycoside Content in Stevia Rebaudiana ZHAO Xi, SU Cuicui, XIE Zhongqing 2025, 41 (11):  107-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0722 Abstract + ( 44 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1428KB )   ( 10 ) The study was conducted to investigate the effects of reduced nitrogen fertilization combined with the biostimulants of fulvic acid and chitosan on the growth and development, glycoside content, and nitrogen uptake of Stevia rebaudiana, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for optimizing fertilization practices and enhancing quality and efficiency in Stevia production. Stevia rebaudiana was used as the test material, and four nitrogen fertilization levels were set, including conventional nitrogen application (300 kg/hm2), 20% nitrogen reduction (240 kg/hm2), 40% nitrogen reduction (180 kg/hm2) and no nitrogen application (0 kg/hm2). These were supplemented with either the fulvic acid (F) or chitosan (C), with an equal amount of water (W) serving as the control. The impacts on Stevia rebaudiana growth characteristics, leaf enzyme activities, glycoside content, and nitrogen uptake were analyzed. The results showed that nitrogen application, as well as the combination with fulvic acid and chitosan, promoted Stevia rebaudiana growth, relative chlorophyll content, and nitrogen uptake. Specifically, the treatment with 20% nitrogen reduction supplemented with fulvic acid (N0.8F) resulted in a plant height of 97.0 cm, stem diameter of 9.19 mm, and leaf mass per plant of 18.70 g, which were approximately 12.30%, 13.05% and 9.76% higher than other treatments, respectively. Nitrogen uptake in both leaves and stems was higher than in other treatments. The average contents of rebaudioside A (RA) in the treatments supplemented with fulvic acid, chitosan, and the control were 10.93%, 10.13% and 10.80%, respectively; the average contents of stevioside (Stv) were 1.04%, 1.01% and 1.18%, respectively; and the average total glycoside contents were 13.62%, 13.38% and 13.38%, respectively. Among treatments supplemented with the same biostimulant, as nitrogen application decreased, the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) tended to decrease, with fulvic acid showing better effects than chitosan. In the chitosan-supplemented treatments, the 40% nitrogen reduction treatment (N0.6C) increased plant height, stem diameter, and leaf mass per plant by 11.92%, 9.57%, and 8.66%, respectively, compared to other nitrogen levels, and increased SOD and POD contents by 9.12% and 7.81%, respectively. A comprehensive analysis of the effects of reduced nitrogen fertilization combined with biostimulants on Stevia rebaudiana revealed that the treatment with 20% nitrogen reduction supplemented with fulvic acid (N0.8F) effectively promoted Stevia rebaudiana growth, enhanced leaf enzyme activity, increased the content of RA in leaves, decreased the content of Stv, and improved the ratio of RA to total glycosides, thereby enhancing Stevia rebaudiana quality. Additionally, a 20% reduction in nitrogen fertilization improved plant nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency.

  Effect of Different Irrigation and Drought Rotation Patterns on Soil Salinity and Nutrient Content and Subsequent Vegetable Growth SHEN Jianguo, NI Jinzhuang, LOU Ling, SHAO Yujing, WANG Jingwen, YANG Wenye, MA Lianghao 2025, 41 (11):  117-122.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0632 Abstract + ( 45 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1245KB )   ( 8 ) In order to explore the improvement effect of different crop rotation on soil secondary salinization, the soil improvement effect and the effect on the growth of later vegetables under three different irrigation and drought rotation modes were compared with the vegetable continuous cropping mode. The results showed that the salt content of secondary salinized soil decreased significantly after the rotation treatment which decreased by 29.3% in the whole soil layer and 56.6% in the surface soil. The pH value of soil was increased, while the contents of organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium were decreased. The content of available phosphorus was decreased by 31.8%. These improvements were helpful to promote the growth of later crops. Compared with the three irrigation and drought rotation modes, the soil salt washing effect of vegetable-rice rotation was better and the salt of the whole soil layer and soil surface decreased by 31.0% and 57.9%, respectively. The growth promotion effect of the later vegetables was better with an average increase of 8.2%. The soil of vegetable-lotus root rotation had the best acid reduction effect, and its pH of surface soil increased by 0.48 units. However, the soil of vegetable-wild rice stem rotation had better phosphorus reduction effect, the surface soil available phosphorus content decreased by 44.4%. Implementing water and dryland rotation in facility vegetables can effectively alleviate the degree of secondary soil salinization and continuous cropping obstacles. And it can promote farmers' income growth and agricultural efficiency improvement.

  Effects of Reducing Biochar Based Fertilizer Application on Rice Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Cost-benefit in Middle-low Yield Field XIAO Zhuoxi, ZHANG Zhi, LIU Donghai, QIAO Yan, LI Shitao, HU Cheng 2025, 41 (11):  123-131.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0798 Abstract + ( 50 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1367KB )   ( 4 ) To explore the application potential of biochar based fertilizer to increase the yield and income of rice production in middle-low yield field, field plot experiments were conducted in Yangxin and Shashi area of Hubei Province. The effects of no fertilization (CK), customary fertilization (F), customary fertilization + biochar (FB), biochar based fertilizer (BF1), biochar based fertilizer reduction of 10% (BF2) and biochar based fertilizer reduction of 20% (BF3) on rice yield, nutrient uptake and cost-benefit were studied. The results showed that the application of biochar based fertilizer increased rice yield and straw biomass, and BF1 treatment significantly increased rice yield compared with F treatment, which increased by 11.09% and 9.51% in middle and low yield fields, respectively. Biochar based fertilizer treatment promoted the nutrient uptake of rice, the above-ground N and P accumulations of rice treated with BF1 and BF2 were higher than those treated with F. At the same time, compared with F treatment, BF1 and BF2 treatment significantly improve the apparent recovery rates of N, P and K in middle yield field and the apparent recovery rates of P and K in low yield field. And, BF2 treatment had the highest apparent recovery rate of N (38.99%) in middle yield field, which was 29.41% higher than that of F treatment. In addition, BF1 and BF2 treatments increased the income of rice planting in middle-low yield fields, among which BF1 treatment had the highest income, with an increase of 560.7 yuan/hm2 and 1460.3 yuan/hm2 compared with F treatment in low and middle yield fields, respectively. In conclusion, the application of 0%-10% reduction of biochar based fertilizer can improve rice yield and fertilizer use efficiency, and increase farmers’ planting income, which is suitable for rice production in middle-low yield field.

  Research Progress on Role and Mechanisms of Foliar Fertilizer in Agricultural Production HOU Chenwei, GUO Yaqing, CHENG Cheng, WANG Qi 2025, 41 (11):  132-139.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0601 Abstract + ( 50 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1328KB )   ( 15 ) This study aims to sort out the impact of foliar fertilization on crop productivity. Through extensive research on a large number of domestic and foreign literatures, it reviews the development of foliar fertilizers, summarizes the types and characteristics of different foliar fertilizers, and concludes the roles of different types of foliar fertilizers in promoting plant growth and alleviating plant stress. Moreover, it takes the stomata and cuticle on the leaf surface as the entry point to summarize the mechanism of action of foliar fertilizers. Research has found that when reactive oxygen species accumulate in large quantities within plants, it will reduce photosynthetic efficiency and affect crop growth. Foliar fertilization can enhance the antioxidant activity of crops, regulate photosynthetic activity, energy metabolism and nutrient assimilation and other physiological processes to promote crop growth. Finally, the problems existing in the practical application of foliar fertilizers and the prospects for further exploring the mechanism by which foliar fertilizers regulate plant growth and development are discussed and prospected.

  Analysis of Climatic and Ecological Adaptability of New Potato Varieties WU Zhiqi, WANG Yating, WANG Xianli 2025, 41 (11):  140-145.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0576 Abstract + ( 39 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1249KB )   ( 1 ) In order to screen out new potato varieties suitable for field planting in Ningxia, two varieties of 'Jizhangshu 8' and 'Hutou' were planted by double ridge side hole sowing in the field environment, and 10 treatments such as different film colors and film mulching methods were set up. The results were analyzed by variance and repeated comparison. The results showed that the water content of black film was 5.1% higher than that of 0-20 cm open soil, and 2.3% higher than that of white film. The ground temperature was 0.6℃ higher than that in the open field and 1.5℃ lower than that in the white film field at 0-20 cm of autumn tuber swelling stage. The average yield of black film covered potato was 27000 kg/hm2, which was 4500 kg/hm2 higher than that of white film covered potato and 10500 kg/hm2 higher than that of open field, with the increases of 20% and 63.6% respectively. The yield of black film was significantly higher than that of white film, and the yield of full film significantly higher than that of half film. The yield of 'Jizhang Potato 8' was significantly higher than that of 'Hutou', in which the weight of a single plant with black full film was 488 g higher; the output was 16311 kg/hm2 higher, increasing by 306.5%, and the effect of increasing production was very significant. In terms of planting density, under the planting density of 30000 plants /hm2, the yield was the highest, and the increase rate reached 27.7%. It is suggested to popularize 'Jizhang Potato 8' in a large area, which increase yield by more than 3 times under black full film cultivation by drip irrigation.

  Study on Infection Mechanism of Botrytis spp. Strain HY-021 on Chenopodium album L. ZHU Haixia, LI Huan, CHENG Liang 2025, 41 (11):  146-151.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0781 Abstract + ( 44 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF ( 1462KB )   ( 4 ) In order to clarify the mechanism of herbicidal activity of strain HY-021 on Chenopodium album L., electron microscope scanning technology was used to observe the process of infestation of C. album leaves by the strain after inoculation, and changes in the activity content of C. album plants after inoculation were determined using physiological index assay. The results showed that the mycelium of the HY-021 strain invaded leaf tissues through stomata, parasitized, proliferated and produced spores, which gradually destroyed the tissue. Concurrently, leaf surfaces began to show chlorosis and developed disease spots, ultimately leading to plant death due to an inability to perform photosynthesis. Following inoculation of C. album plants with the HY-021 strain, the content of MDA inside the plant bodies gradually increased, while the activities of enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and POD showed trend of increasing and then decreasing after inoculation. It showed that the strain had multiple effects on the plant physiological mechanisms and defense enzymes, and caused a wide range of metabolic changes in the plant after inoculation. The overall content of soluble proteins was higher than the control, indicating that soluble protein content increased following infection by the strain, which enhanced the plant's resistance capabilities.

  Identification and Comprehensive Evaluation of Quality Traits of Processed Hot Pepper in Shandong Region WANG Jingjing, LI Tengfei, ZHANG Luqi, DUAN Qingqing, CHANG Peipei, WANG Youping, ZHANG Zikun 2025, 41 (11):  152-158.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0751 Abstract + ( 41 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1148KB )   ( 1 ) This study aims to screen processing-type pepper varieties with excellent germplasm, such as high pungency and high capsanthin content, suitable for cultivation in Shandong region. Sixty-one accessions of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) were used as materials, and comprehensive evaluations of their key quality traits were conducted by using systematic cluster analysis and membership function methods, and other multivariate statistical approaches. The results showed significant differences in quality indicators such as capsanthin, capsaicin, dry matter, soluble sugar, and vitamin C content among different materials, with a wide range of capsanthin content from 0.88 to 14.85 g/kg and a high coefficient of variation. Cluster analysis categorized the 61 accessions into four groups, of which GroupⅠwas the extra pungent type, such as D16-14; Group Ⅳ was the mild pungent type, such as D49-1; and Groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were the high and medium pungent types, respectively. The membership function analysis indicated that D16-14 was the top-quality extra-pungent material in terms of comprehensive quality, followed by D17-3 and D3-4. Meanwhile, D49-1 was identified as the material with the highest capsanthin content. The above special materials can be further explored and utilized in the next step of breeding. This study could provide excellent parental materials and theoretical basis for the genetic breeding of processing-type peppers in Shandong region.

  Determination of Six Types of Phenoxy Acid Herbicides in Water by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Derivatization WANG Yuanyuan, LIANG Jing, WANG Lingling, LAI Xiaoshan 2025, 41 (11):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0737 Abstract + ( 42 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1301KB )   ( 2 ) A method for determination of 6 phenoxy acid herbicides in water by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was established. After liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane, the extract was dehydrated and concentrated, then derivatized with PFBBR under the catalysis of potassium carbonate. The derivatives were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Samples were separated by Rtx-5ms capillary chromatography column, detected by SIM mode, and quantified by internal standard. The results showed that under the optimal experimental conditions, 6 phenoxy acid herbicides showed good linear relationships in the concentration range of 0.5 to 20.0 μg/mL, the correlation coefficient was not less than 0.999. The detection limit was 0.2 μg/L, and the precision range was 2.2%-6.9%. The spiked tests were conducted on groundwater, surface water, seawater, domestic sewage, and industrial wastewater samples, and the recovery range was 83.0%-113%. Results showed that this method had good precision and stable recovery, providing an effective solution for the detection of phenoxy acid herbicides in water.