Current issue

• 2025 Vol.41 No.25 Published:05 September 2025

  New Wheat Variety ‘Kexing 3302’: Detection and Analysis of High Quality and Yield Related Genes LYU Chunlei, HAO Shuang, BAI Xintong, WU Enzhao, YANG Meng, CAO Pengbo, WANG Daowen, ZHANG Kunpu 2025, 41 (25):  1-8.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0060 Abstract + ( 50 )   HTML ( 6 )   PDF ( 1620KB )   ( 29 ) The aim is to understand the molecular genetic basis of high quality and high yield of new wheat variety ‘Kexing 3302’. ‘Kexing 3302’ was used as the test material，and molecular markers related to quality, dwarf, growth and development, and disease resistance were used for detection. The results showed that ‘Kexing 3302’contained high molecular weight glutenin subunit combination Ax1G330E, Bx7+By8, Dx5+Dy10, low molecular weight glutenin Glu-A1a, non-1BL /1RS translocation line, which were the genetic basis of high quality; four dwarf genes Rht1, Rht2, Rht8 and Rht24, which were the genetic basis of lodging resistance and high and stable yield of the dwarf; three recessive vernalization genes Vrn-A1b, Vrn-B1b and Vrn-D1b as well as photopericyclic gene insensitivity gene Ppd-D1a, which were the genetic basis of cold resistance and wide adaptability; and QYm.njau-2D locus and anti-stripe rust gene Yr10, which were the genetic basis of high resistance to yellow Mosaic virus and stripe rust disease. The genes of quality, dwarf, growth and disease resistance in ‘Kexing 3302’ were consistent with the phenotype of high quality and yield, disease resistance, laying a foundation for the efficient utilization of the excellent genes of ‘Kexing 3302’ in molecular breeding.

  Effects of Topping Methods on Growth and Yield of Cotton WANG Haixia, LIANG Peixin, WEI Jianhua, LUI Shangmin, XU Qiang, YU Juanjuan, LI Guoshan, MA Zhongxiao 2025, 41 (25):  9-15.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0690 Abstract + ( 40 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1610KB )   ( 13 ) To address issues related to reduced growth rate, shifting center of gravity, and nutritional loss after cotton topping, this study examines the effects of ‘Xinluzao No.62’ on morphological and yield indicators under chemical and traditional manual topping methods. The goal is to elucidate cotton’s growth response to different topping techniques. Thirty cotton plants were subjected to chemical and manual topping treatments, with measurements being taken at specific intervals (0, 7, 15, and 30 days after topping) for plant height, number of fruit branches, and number of bolls per plant. Additionally, prior to leaf defoliation agent application, the number of seeded and unseeded bolls was recorded to determine the boll setting rate. Each treatment aimed to assess cotton harvest density, average single-plant bell weight, single-bell weight, and lint percentage, with subsequent calculation of seed cotton and lint yield. Results indicated that chemical topping of cotton led to a significant increase in plant height and fruit branches within 30 days compared to artificial topping. The number of large and small bells decreased initially (0-15 days) after topping but increased after 30 days. Parameters such as flocculation rate, single bell weight, lint percentage, and yield decreased, while the number of single bells increased. Ultimately, manual topping resulted in slightly higher yields than chemical topping, with no discernible difference between treatments. It is advisable to employ artificial topping in cotton fields with robust cotton, substantial plant biomass, and late topping to expedite the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, fostering trellis development. Conversely, for fields with weak cotton growth, chemical topping is recommended to balance nutrition and reproductive growth, achieve topping effects, prevent mechanical damage from artificial topping, and maximize cotton’s production potential.

  Effects of Nitrogen Application on Yield and Quality of Fujian Cigar Tobacco LI Shilong, SHEN Lihua, LIN Boya, JIA Kai, LIAN Lingli, BAI Lingli, SHI Juanjuan, ZENG Wenlong, YANG Zongfeng, LI Wenqing, ZHENG Chaoyuan 2025, 41 (25):  16-22.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0133 Abstract + ( 39 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 1141KB )   ( 10 ) This study aimed to investigate the effects of nitrogen application rate on the yield and quality of cigar tobacco in Fujian producing area. Using the cigar filler variety ‘Haiyan 204’, field experiments were conducted with five nitrogen application treatments: 0 kg/hm2 (N0), 120 kg/hm2 (N8), 180 kg/hm2 (N12), 210 kg/hm2 (N14), and 240 kg/hm2 (N16). Key indices including economic traits, smoking quality, agronomic traits, chemical components, physiological metabolism, and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. The results showed that the N14 treatment yielded the best economic traits, superior smoking quality, and optimal agronomic traits. Compared with N0, the N14 treatment significantly increased the output value by 273.54% and significantly increased the maximum leaf area by 34.06%. With increasing nitrogen application, the chemical components and physiological metabolism indicators of cigar tobacco leaves generally exhibited a trend of increasing first, then decreasing and then increasing again. Under the N14 treatment, the total nitrogen and chlorine contents were relatively low, while reducing sugar and total sugar contents were moderate. The nicotine content was higher. Stress-resistant substances, such as soluble protein and peroxidase (POD), maintained higher levels. Nitrogen metabolism-related synthetase activities were relatively lower, but amylase and acid invertase activities were significantly enhanced. Comprehensive analysis indicated that under the N14 treatment, tobacco leaves demonstrated the highest economic performance, the best plant growth and appearance, more harmonious chemical composition, and improved plant resistance. For cultivating ‘Haiyan 204’ in the Fujian region, the recommended pure nitrogen application rate is 180-210 kg/hm2.

  Regulation Mechanism of Microbial fertilizer on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Stoichiometric Characteristics in Different Organs of Hazelnut and Nut Yield XIE Bin, SONG Shiqi, WANG Bin, MENG Fanyu, CHENG Ying, LI Xingpeng, JIA Shuxia 2025, 41 (25):  23-30.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0262 Abstract + ( 34 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1452KB )   ( 14 ) To investigate the mechanisms underlying the quality improvement and efficiency enhancement of microbial fertilizer in hazelnut orchards, we examined the content of major nutrients (N, P, K), stoichiometric characteristics of N, P in various organs of hybrid hazelnut (Corylus heterophylla× C. avellana), and nut yield under microbial fertilizer and compound fertilizer treatments. The results showed that the basal diameter and length of branches under microbial fertilizer were significantly higher than those under compound fertilizer (P<0.05). Hazelnut yield per plant (dry weight), single nut weight, and kernel weight under microbial fertilizer increased by 17.1%, 2.5%, and 2.6%, respectively (P<0.05). The average kernel diameter and cavity ratio under microbial fertilizer were also higher. Compared to compound chemical fertilizer, microbial fertilizer significantly increased the N (8.1%), P (45.9%), and K (16.1%) contents in the roots, as well as the P (33.3%) and K (15.2%) contents in leaves, P (25.3%) and K (8.1%) contents in branches, and K contents in shells (18.8%) and kernels (4.3%). However, microbial fertilizer reduced the N, P, and K contents in flower by 1.1%, 2.3%, and 8.0%, respectively, and reduced the N content in shells and kernels by 31.7% and 15.2%, respectively, along with a 6.9% decrease in kernel P content. Microbial fertilizer significantly decreased the N/P ratio in leaves, branches, and roots, altering the distribution of N and P contents between the aboveground and underground organs. The regression analysis of N and P contents in various organs (flower buds, branches, leaves, roots, kernels, and shells) showed a power function with α=0.512 and β=4.857. These results indicated that microbial fertilizer enhanced nutrient content in vegetative organs (leaves, branches, and roots) of hazelnut trees, regulated the distribution of nutrients among organs, and increased hazelnut yield.

  Influence of Atomization Regulation on Leaves Physiological Characteristics, Yield and Quality of Ningxia Lycium barbarum WANG Hua, SU Ming, HONG Ziqiang, LI Fanguo, SUN Yixin, LIU Xiangting, YANG Juan, WU Hongliang, KANG Jianhong 2025, 41 (25):  31-39.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0207 Abstract + ( 34 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1435KB )   ( 7 ) To explore the effects of atomization regulation on the micro-ecological environment, leaf physiological characteristics, yield and quality of Ningxia Lycium barbarum, experiments were conducted in Zhenbeipu, Yinchuan City, Ningxia in 2024. Three treatments were set up: blank control (CK), atomization regulation (T1), and conventional cultivation (T2). The changes in leaf physiological characteristics, yield and quality of L. barbarum under different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that compared with CK, the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), maximum photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), potential maximum photosynthetic capacity of PSⅡ (Fv/Fo), comprehensive parameter of photosynthetic apparatus performance (PI), and light energy capture efficiency of PSⅡ (ABS/RC) of L. barbarum under T1 treatment increased by 72.9%, 29.3%, 26.9%, 28.6%, 24.4%, 72.2%, and 30.6%, respectively. Compared with CK, the relative humidity and soil moisture under T1 treatment increased by 4.7% and 35.6% respectively, while the environmental CO2 concentration, air temperature (At), leaf temperature and soil temperature decreased by 9.8%, 4.2%, 5.9% and 8.8% respectively; During the summer fruiting period of L. barbarum, T1 treatment significantly increased the content of flavonoids, polysaccharides, betaine, total dry fruit yield, and 100-grain weight (GW) of L. barbarum, which increased by 43.5%, 64.7%, 25.0%, 34.2%, and 15.7%, respectively, compared with CK. Correlation analysis showed that the yield of L. barbarum was significantly positively correlated with Tr, Fv/Fo, PI, soil moisture and the content of betaine (P<0.05), was extremely significantly positively correlated with Pn, Gs, Fv/Fm, and ABS/RC (P<0.01), and was extremely significantly positively correlated with the content of flavonoids and polysaccharides (P<0.01). The comprehensive score of principal component analysis was T1>T2>CK. Atomization regulation showed a significant effect of improving quality and increasing efficiency in the organic cultivation system by alleviating the physiological inhibitory effect of high-temperature stress. It is recommended to be promoted and applied as a key regulation technology for the standardized production of Ningxia L. barbarum.

  Effect of Superabsorbent Polymer on Rhizosphere Soil Characteristics, Growth and Fruit Quality of Lycium chinensis BAI Jianxia, SUN Dan, LI Junchao, YANG Guangsheng, ZUO Jinjing, ZHAO Yang, ZHANG Qingxia, ZHANG Shaonan, GUO Dongquan 2025, 41 (25):  40-48.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0310 Abstract + ( 29 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1320KB )   ( 5 ) This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of superabsorbent polymer on rhizosphere soil environment and growth process of Lycium chinensis, which provided theoretical reference and scientific basis for the application of superabsorbent polymer in L. chinensis planting. 3-year-old L. chinensis was used as experimental object, the mixtures of superabsorbent polymer and compound fertilizer were applied to the root of L. chinensis by the method of ring ditch, and the effects of soil characteristics, plant growth, fruit quality and yield were studied. The results indicated that: (1) compared with the control, the application of 50 g superabsorbent polymer reduced soil bulk density by 31.13%, increased total porosity by 25.82%, increased field water capacity by 1.49 times, increased water stable aggregate content by 66.45%, and reduced agglomerate destruction rate by 67.50%. (2) The determination results of July and September showed that with the increasing of superabsorbent polymer application content, the content of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the rhizosphere soil of L. chinensis increased rapidly and then increased slowly, while the content of organic matter increased first and then decreased, but the change was not significant. (3) The growth and development of L. chinensis were significantly promoted by the application of superabsorbent polymer. The plant height, crown width, stem diameter and chlorophyll content were increased with the increase of superabsorbent polymer. (4) In July, the content of soluble solids, total sugar and Vc of the fruits reached the maximum when L. chinensis plants were treated with the 50 g superabsorbent polymer, and these quality index increased by 8.40%, 42.96% and 76.27% respectively compared with the control. And with 60 g superabsorbent polymer treatments, the hundred grain weight and shape index of the fruits reached the maximum, increased by 47.82% and 30.26% respectively compared with the control. (5) The yield of L. chinensis fruits were significantly increased by the application of superabsorbent polymer. After 50 g superabsorbent polymer treatments, the yield of L. chinensis fruits was increased by 31.70%. With the superabsorbent polymer treatments on L. chinensis, the structure and characteristics of rhizosphere soil were improved, the keeping fertilizer abilities of rhizosphere soil were enhanced, the growth and development of plants were promoted, the qualities of fruit were improved, and the yield of fruit was increased.

  Comparative Study on Morphological Structure and Effective Components of Scrophularia ningpoensis from Different Provenances ZHANG Zhexian, QIN Zhanghui, ZHANG Qiaohui, WAN Haiying, YIN Hongqing 2025, 41 (25):  49-53.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0102 Abstract + ( 34 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1259KB )   ( 3 ) This study aimed to establish a preliminary comprehensive evaluation system for Scrophularia ningpoensis, and provide references for selecting high-quality varieties and developing quality assessment criteria. Radix Scrophulariae samples from three main producing areas of Pan’an in Zhejiang, Baoxing in Sichuan and Nanchuan in Chongqing, as well as Enshi ‘Enxuan No.1’ in Hubei were comparatively analyzed on the morphological characteristics and key component contents. External morphology was measured using vernier calipers and electronic balance. Internal texture properties were assessed with a texture analyzer. The content of index component contents was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Principal component analysis (PCA) and comprehensive evaluation were performed on 23 physiological indicators. The results showed that significant variations existed in morphological structures and component contents across producing areas. The comprehensive evaluation ranked as follows: Nanchuan of Chongqing> Baoxing of Sichuan> ‘Enxuan No.1’> Pan’an of Zhejiang. This system reveals the multi-dimensional characteristics of the quality formation of Scrophularia ningpoensis, and provides a scientific reference for the standardized cultivation and variety improvement of Scrophularia ningpoensis.

  Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction Levels on Rhizosphere Soil Microorganisms and Enzyme Activities of Winter Wheat Under Rotary Tillage System NIE Shengwei, ZHANG Qiaoping, WANG Jianchao, PAN Xiuyan, WANG Hui, LI Jinping 2025, 41 (25):  54-59.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0192 Abstract + ( 35 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1279KB )   ( 14 ) In this paper, the effects of reduction levels of nitrogen fertilizer on rhizosphere soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities were studied, so as to obtain rational application levels and improve resource use efficiency. Under rotary tillage methods, treatments of CK (over-application, 300 kgN/hm2), RF10 (N reduce 10%), RF20 (N reduce 20%), and RF30 (N reduce 30%) were set to conduct experiments in 2017 to 2018 (the first season) and 2018 to 2019 (the second season), respectively. The results showed that compared with CK, RF20 increased the yield, RF10 had a slight decrease in yield, but the difference was not significant. RF30 reduced the yield, with a significant reduction in the first season. The number of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere soil of RF20 decreased at the jointing and filling stages, and the number of fungi decreased significantly in the second season, by 21.50% and 20.63% respectively compared with the control. The number of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere soil of RF20 decreased significantly by 27.78% to 39.76% at the filling stage. The number of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere soil of RF10 increased at the filling stage, while that of RF30 decreased. The effect of RF10 and RF30 on actinomycetes was irregular. In addition, at the jointing and tillering stage, the urease activity in the rhizosphere soil of RF20 decreased, and the sucrase and urease activities in the rhizosphere soil of RF10 both decreased. At the filling stage, the sucrase activity in the rhizosphere soil of RF20 and the urease activity in the rhizosphere soil of RF30 both increased. In conclusion, under the nitrogen application rate of 300 kgN/hm2, reducing the nitrogen supply by 10% and 20% in the wheat season improved the soil microbial quantity and soil enzyme activity, saved fertilizer input, and achieved stable yield and increased efficiency.

  Analysis of Bacterial Community Structure and Diversity in Rhizosphere Soil of Different Crops GAO Youkai, SONG Qun, WANG Zenghao, WEI Liuli, FU Yihao, SUN Yan, SUN Yanchun 2025, 41 (25):  60-66.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0138 Abstract + ( 41 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF ( 1892KB )   ( 17 ) To investigate the effects of different crops on the structure and diversity of soil bacterial communities, this study analyzed the rhizosphere soils of soybean (Glycine max), maize (Zea mays), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) using high-throughput sequencing technology to assess bacterial community composition and diversity. The results demonstrated significant differences in the composition, richness, and diversity of rhizosphere bacterial communities among the crops. At the phylum level, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the most dominant groups, with Proteobacteria exhibiting the highest relative abundance (39%-48% of the total bacterial community). At the genus level, distinct variations were observed among the crops, particularly in the soybean treatment, which showed significant differences compared to the other two groups. Notably, Bradyrhizobium was the most dominant genus in the soybean rhizosphere, accounting for 7% of the total bacterial community. Analysis of community richness indices (Chao1 and ACE) and diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson) revealed that the soybean rhizosphere soil had the highest bacterial richness and diversity, while the sugar beet treatment group exhibited the lowest values. In conclusion, cultivating different crops significantly influences the composition and diversity of soil bacterial communities. These findings provide a scientific basis for further understanding the relationship between crops and soil microbiota.

  Impact of Crop Rotation Between Tobacco and Zingiber officainale on Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities YANG Qingsong, WU Kuo, LI Ling, YANG Yuling, WANG Can, TAO Yonghong 2025, 41 (25):  67-74.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0189 Abstract + ( 32 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 2617KB )   ( 6 ) To study the effect of tobacco-Zingiber officainale Roscoe rotation on the microbial diversity of tobacco rhizosphere soil, the microbial diversity and compositional structure differences of rhizosphere soil in continuous cropping tobacco fields (CK) and rotated tobacco fields were studied through high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that the disease index of tobacco black shank in the tobacco-Zingiber officainale rotation fields was significantly lower than that in the continuous cropping fields by 40.20%. Compared with the soil in the continuous cropping fields, tobacco-Zingiber officainale rotation significantly increased the community diversity of bacteria and fungi in the soil. Overall, at the phylum level of bacteria, Proteobacteria was the most abundant (CK: 49.10%, SJ: 30.73%), followed by Firmicutes (CK: 42.70%, SJ: 4.65%) and Actinobacteriota (CK: 4.81%, SJ: 23.99%). Among fungi, Ascomycota was the most abundant (CK: 97.52%, SJ: 64.85%), followed by unclassified taxa (CK: 0.35%, SJ: 14.32%) and Basidiomycota (CK: 0.62%, SJ: 8.42%). The differential analysis revealed substantial differences in the composition of the soil microbial community structure between the two treatments (bacteria: R2=0.8520, P=0.001; fungi: R2=0.8782, P=0.001). Specifically, the tobacco-Zingiber officainale rotation significantly enhanced the abundances of certain beneficial microorganisms in the soil, including Chloroflexi, Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota. Soil environmental factors such as organic matter and total nitrogen were significantly associated with beneficial bacteria such as Lactococcus and Roseiflexaceae. The results provided potential application value for inhibiting the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria and reducing soil diseases by increasing the abundance of these beneficial microorganisms in the soil. At the same time, they offer a new perspective for a deeper understanding of the mechanism of tobacco-Zingiber officainale rotation.

  Performance of Different Soil Conditioners on Planting of Cuimi Kumquat in Rong’an ZHANG Yaoxin, SUN Jiamei, LIU Yu, CHEN Yuqing, CAI Xiongsheng, ZHOU Wenbing, ZHOU Dayun 2025, 41 (25):  75-84.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0145 Abstract + ( 29 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1412KB )   ( 4 ) The purpose of this research is to compare and evaluate the effects of five kinds of soil conditioners used in the cultivation of crispy honey kumquats on neutrally tilled soil of Rong’an County, Liuzhou City, Guangxi Province. In this study, two kinds of new amendments, amino acid-modified biomass ash (MBA) and amino acid-modified wood chips (MSD), and three kinds of commercially available soil amendments, dolomite (DOL), biochar (BC) and potassium humate (HAP) (used as the controls) were used for planting Cuimi kumquat. Optimal soil conditioners were selected from three aspects: the contents of soil available nutrients, the photosynthetic characteristics of leaves during plant growth, and the quality indexes of harvested kumquat fruits. The results showed that among the treatments originated from 5 kinds of soil conditioners, the comprehensive effect of the ‘base fertilizer+ amino acid modified biomass ash’ (CK+MBA) treatment was the best. Under this treatment, the soil alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, organic matter and available manganese contents were significantly higher than those of other treatments, the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of plant leaves were the highest, and the soluble solids content, fruit shape index and solid-acid ratio of fruit were the highest. The second were ‘base fertilizer + dolomite’ (CK+DOL) and ‘base fertilizer + potassium humate’ (CK+HAP) treatments, each treatment had its own advantages and disadvantages, in which CK+DOL treatment had a good effect on the soil available nutrient contents, but would increase the soil available lead and available sodium contents, and CK+HAP treatment had the highest single fruit weight of kumquat fruit, the highest juice yield and vitamin C content. MBA had the best comprehensive effect among the five conditioners, followed by DOL and HAP, which could be preferentially promoted and applied in the production of Cuimi kumquat on neutral soil.

  Effects of Carbon to Nitrogen Ratios on Quality of Lavender Straw Aerobic Compost A Yingge, HE Liangrong, FU Yanbo, BIAN Qingyong, MENG Ajing, DAI Yufang, JIAO Yunqi 2025, 41 (25):  85-93.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0317 Abstract + ( 38 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1371KB )   ( 9 ) To determine the optimal composting process parameters for lavender straw, based on 4 carbon-to-nitrogen ratio gradients of 20, 25, 30 and 35, 6 different raw material ratios were set according to the material. Lavender straw, dried flower straw and sheep manure were respectively composted at dry weight ratios of 0:1:9 (T1=20), 1:0:0 (T2=25), 0:1:1 (T3=25), 0:1:0 (T4=30), 2:18:1 (T5=30) and 1:1:0 (T6=35). The effects of different carbon-to-nitrogen ratio treatments on temperature, moisture content, pH, germination index, and quality during the composting process were investigated. The results showed that the T3 treatment had a faster temperature rise and a longer duration of high-temperature period compared to other treatments, and T1 treatment followed; T6 and T5 treatments had a shorter duration of high-temperature period, while T2 and T4 treatments did not reach the standard of high-temperature period. The moisture content during the composting process generally showed a downward trend; at the end of the composting process, the moisture content of T3 treatment was the lowest (28%), significantly lower than other treatments (P<0.05); T3 treatment had the lowest pH (pH 7.9), significantly lower than other treatments; T1 treatment had the highest electrical conductivity, with no significant difference comparing to other treatments; T3 treatment had the highest total nitrogen content and organic matter content; T5 treatment had significantly higher total phosphorus content than other treatments; T6 treatment had the highest total potassium content. The seed germination index of T2, T3 and T5 treatments was significantly higher than other treatments. According to the National Organic Fertilizer Maturity Standard, T3 and T6 treatments met the national standards. The comprehensive evaluation showed that the comprehensive evaluation value of T3 treatment was the highest, the maturity degree was the highest, and the maturity quality was the best.

  Effects of Nitrogen Sources on Maturity Characteristics of Furfural Residue Aerobic Composting WANG Jiangxiao, WANG Qinli, HE Guowei, XIONG Ying, DENG Haoliang, BIAN Kaiqi, JIN Yongsheng 2025, 41 (25):  94-99.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0482 Abstract + ( 30 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1324KB )   ( 5 ) This study investigated the effects of different nitrogen sources on the maturation process of furfural residue aerobic composting, aiming to identify the optimal nitrogen ratio for promoting furfural residue maturation. Under controlled carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) of 28, seven treatments with different proportions of furfural residue, mushroom bran and urea were established: T1 (furfural residue 1000 kg+ urea 16 kg), T2 (furfural residue 900 kg+mushroom bran 100 kg+ urea 14.2 kg), T3 (furfural residue 800 kg+ mushroom bran 200 kg+ urea 10 kg), T4 (furfural residue 700 kg+ mushroom bran 300 kg+ urea 7 kg), T5 (furfural residue 600 kg+mushroom bran 400 kg+ urea 4.5 kg), T6 (furfural residue 500 kg +mushroom bran 500 kg+ urea 1.3 kg), CK (furfural residue 1000 kg). The effects of different treatments were evaluated based on temperature, pH, organic matter content, ammonium nitrogen content, available potassium content, available phosphorus content, seed germination rate, and germination index during the composting maturation process. The results showed that T4 showed the fastest temperature increase and maintained temperatures above 50℃ for the longest duration; with prolonged fermentation time, pH values of all treatments tended toward neutral; electrical conductivity showed an increasing trend; organic matter content gradually decreased; ammonium nitrogen content increased; available phosphorus and potassium showed decreasing trends. After composting maturation, the control (CK) showed only 44.66% of Chinese cabbage seed germination rate; all other treatments achieved >90% germination rate; T4, T5 and T6 demonstrated germination index (GI)>80%. Different nitrogen sources significantly affected furfural residue aerobic composting maturation. The T4 treatment demonstrated optimal performance across all evaluation metrics.

  Distribution Pattern of Heat Damage and Its Impact on Yield of Single-Season Rice in Xuancheng BAO Jingwen, NI Dajing, HU Anxia, QIU Lifang, WANG Meishuo 2025, 41 (25):  100-107.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0094 Abstract + ( 42 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2171KB )   ( 14 ) This study aimed to mitigate or prevent the adverse effects of heat damage on yield of single-season rice in Xuancheng, ensuring stable rice production in the region. Using meteorological data from seven meteorological stations (1961-2023) and rice yield data (2000-2023) in Xuancheng, the spatiotemporal distribution, variation patterns, and yield impacts of heat damage during the critical growth stages of single-season rice (booting to heading-flowering stages) were analyzed through yield modeling and wavelet analysis. The findings revealed that: (1) total heat damage events increased after the 1990s. After 2000, mild, severe, and extreme heat damage showed rising trends, while moderate damage declined gradually. Mild events were most frequent, followed by severe and moderate, with extreme events being the least common. (2) The spatial extent of heat damage followed the order: mild > severe > moderate > extreme. (3) Heat damage was more prevalent in the southwest and less frequent in the northeast. Ningguo experienced the highest frequency, while Guangde had the relatively lower frequency, with an overall increasing trend. (4) A 4-5 year inverse-phase resonance cycle existed between rice yields and heat damage in Xuancheng, becoming more pronounced after 2007. There was a significant positive correlation between the intensity of high temperature heat damage and the yield reduction of single-season rice. Recommendations include: promoting high-temperature-tolerant indica rice varieties paired with emergency measures like “deep-water irrigation + foliar salicylic acid application” in southern high-risk zones; optimizing sowing dates in northeastern low-risk zones to avoid critical flowering stages from late July to early September. The research results, combined with the above targeted measures, can provide scientific basis and technical support for the stable and high yield of local rice and the enhancement of climate resilience.

  Characteristics of Low Temperature and Continuous Rainy Weather in Autumn of 2023 in Northwest Hubei and Its Impact on Quality of Tobacco LIANG Chen, LIU Shaoxia, LIANG Dairong, CHEN Zifan, YOU Xue, CHEN Zhenghong 2025, 41 (25):  108-116.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0559 Abstract + ( 30 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1888KB )   ( 6 ) The frequent occurrence of low temperature and continuous rain in autumn in northwest Hubei tobacco area posed a potential threat to the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. This article statistically analyzed the regional differences in the impact of low temperature and continuous rainy weather on the quality of tobacco in Shiyan and Xiangyang in autumn 2023. Based on the meteorological data of 6 national meteorological stations and 138 flue-cured tobacco samples, the influence of the event was analyzed by statistical analysis and ArcGIS interpolation. The results showed that from September 18 to October 7, 2023, a severe regional continuous rain occurred in the tobacco growing areas of northwest Hubei. During this period, the sunshine hours were significantly reduced (65-82 h) compared with the same period of normal years, and the number of days with daily average temperature ≤18℃ reached 8-17 days. The single leaf weight of B2F grade flue-cured tobacco in Xiangyang tobacco area decreased significantly (13.3%), the stem content of C3F grade increased (9.3%), and the sensory quality decreased. Shiyan tobacco area was less affected, mainly due to the early transplanting period of about 20 days. The low temperature and continuous rain caused significant damage to the quality of flue-cured tobacco, and the influence degree of Xiangyang tobacco area was significantly higher than that of Shiyan tobacco area. It is suggested that the transplanting period of Xiangyang tobacco area should be 20 days in advance to effectively reduce the negative impact of continuous rain on the appearance and sensory quality of flue-cured tobacco. It is expected that the decrease of single leaf weight of B2F grade can be reduced by 5%.

  Variations of Agricultural Climate Resources of Hohhot and Its Impact on Alfalfa Production LIANG Yan, ZHANG Lanjing, SU Lijun, ZHANG Zhijie, ZHANG Caiyun 2025, 41 (25):  117-125.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0129 Abstract + ( 32 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1321KB )   ( 6 ) This paper studies the influence of agricultural climate resources change on alfalfa production, and provides scientific basis for revealing the relationship between climate change and alfalfa production and developing targeted management measures for alfalfa production. Based on the daily average temperature, minimum temperature and precipitation data from 1960 to 2019, as well as the observation data of alfalfa growth period in 2023 and 2024 in Hohhot, the interdecadal climate change research method was used to analyze the changing laws of alfalfa re-greening period, the earliest germination period of spring sowing, the minimum temperature during overwintering period, the accumulated temperature of each crop and the irrigation water demand in different growth stages. Results indicated that over the past 6 decades, the alfalfa re-greening period and earliest spring germination date had advanced significantly by 15.5 and 19 days, respectively. Concurrently, the overwintering minimum temperature increased by 4.8℃, and accumulated temperature in growing period (≥5℃) increased by 274.9℃. The precipitation adaptation efficiency remained suboptimal (0.2-0.3) during the first two harvests, requiring substantial irrigation (100-200 mm), while improving markedly (0.7) in subsequent harvests with significantly reduced irrigation demands (30-50 mm). Climate warming advanced the re-greening period of alfalfa by 7-10 days and extended the growth period by 15-20 days. The increase of precipitation concentration led to significant spatial and temporal differences in irrigation demand, which in turn promoted the transformation of alfalfa stubbles, and the yield per unit area increased by 12%-15%. The research results can provide scientific guidance for the efficient use of climate resources and avoiding disadvantages in alfalfa production.

  Population Change Law and Forecast of Dominant Rodent Species Apodemus agrarius in Farmland Area QIN Zhiyong, BAI Zhijiang, YANG Zaixue 2025, 41 (25):  126-133.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2024-0803 Abstract + ( 36 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF ( 1342KB )   ( 12 ) In order to further understand the population change law of Apodemus agrarius, the dominant rodent species, in the farmland area in Yuqing County, Guizhou Province, and provide scientific basis for its population prediction and scientific prevention and control, the monitoring data of A. agrarius, in farmland area of Yuqing County from 2006 to 2024 were analyzed. During the study period, A. agrarius accounted for 81.54% of the total rodents captured in farmland, which was the dominant species of rodents in local farmland, with an average capture rate of 4.24% for many years. In a year, the population number peaked twice in June-July and October-November, and the average catch rates were 5.42%, 4.65%, 4.33% and 4.88% respectively. There are extremely significant differences in population numbers in different years, the difference in different months was significant, and the difference in different seasons was not significant. A prediction model (I1) for the average capture rate of A. agrarius in February and March, and population in June was established: Y=2.4687+0.7667X, which can predict the population of A. agrarius in June three months in advance, and the average coincidence rate of the capture rate was 90.55% after back testing. A forecasting model (I2) for the average capture rate of A. agrarius in July, and November population was established: Y=2.3404+0.5471X, which can forecast the population in November four months in advance. The average coincidence rate of the capture rate was 89.53% after back-testing. In this study, the population composition of A. agrarius in farmland and the change law of population quantity were found out, and it was clear that spring and autumn were the peak seasons of A. agrarius population in farmland, and A. agrarius was still the main local target. The prediction model of population quantity peak was established, and the prediction results were accurate, easy to operate and master, which could be used to guide the prediction and prevention of A. agrarius population at the grass-roots level.

  Non-targeted Metabolomics Analysis Combined with Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity Evaluation of Longan Pericarp and Seeds WU Wenjuan, LYU Bolong 2025, 41 (25):  134-143.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0079 Abstract + ( 31 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF ( 1351KB )   ( 6 ) This study aimed to analyze the differences of chemical composition between pericarp and seed of longan (Dimocarpus longan), to evaluate their antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, thus providing a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of longan by-products. Using the pericarp and seeds of longan as raw materials, non-targeted metabolomics analysis was performed utilizing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS) technology, and their antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were evaluated. A total of 117 compounds were identified, comprising alkaloids (31 types), organic acids (26 types), flavonoids (19 types), and polyphenols (13 types). The number of flavonoid and polyphenol components was higher in the pericarp than in the seed, while the seed specifically enriched long-chain fatty acid derivatives and esters. In vitro activity evaluation showed that the methanol extract of the pericarp exhibited significantly superior antioxidant capacity [DPPH: (86.65 ± 4.28) μmol TE/g; ABTS: (325.92 ± 13.85) μmol TE/g] and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity [IC50: (22.155 ± 0.136) μg/mL] compared to that of the seed, which might be associated with the pericarp's rich content of flavonoids and polyphenols. This study reveals the potential of longan pericarp for development as a natural antioxidant and antidiabetic functional ingredient, laying a foundation for the high-value transformation of longan by-products and the development of functional products.

  Effects of Drying Methods on Quality Components and Aroma of Raw Dark Tea ZHANG Ting, ZHANG Juan, WANG Xiaoping, XIONG Yuanyuan, WANG Yun, LI Chunhua, TANG Xiaobo, LIU Xiao 2025, 41 (25):  144-152.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0143 Abstract + ( 32 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF ( 1307KB )   ( 6 ) The aim is to analyze the effects of different drying methods on the quality and aroma of raw dark tea and provide data basis for improving the quality of raw dark tea. This study explored the combined drying effects of three traditional drying methods for raw dark tea: sunlight drying, drying and fried drying, and analyzed the differences in sensory quality, main biochemical components, tea pigments, amino acid components and aroma component contents of raw dark tea under different combined drying methods. The results showed that the combination of ‘drying+ fried drying’ had the highest sensory evaluation score (87.10 points). The contents of water extract, tea polyphenols, catechins, caffeine, and theaflavins were the highest in the ‘fried drying+ fried drying’ group, reaching 45.96%, 28.81%, 15.53%, 4.13% and 0.08% respectively, while the contents of amino acids, soluble sugars, thearubigin and theabrownin were lower, at 2.49%, 7.38%, 1.00% and 0.71% respectively. The ‘sunlight drying+ sunlight drying’ treatment had the highest contents of soluble sugars, thearubiging and theabrownins, reaching 10.97%, 1.78% and 1.10% respectively, while the contents of polyphenols, catechins, and theaflavins were lower, at 21.47%, 12.04% and 0.02% respectively. The ‘drying + sunlight drying’ treatment had the lowest contents of water extract and caffeine, at 39.92% and 2.33% respectively, while the ‘drying + fried drying’ method had the highest level of amino acids, at 3.84%. The contents of various free amino acids showed a consistent trend with the total amount of free amino acids. Analysis of aroma components showed that the relative contents of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones were relatively high under different treatments, reaching 37.57%-50.54%, 9.42%-22.78% and 9.53%-16.59% respectively, but different combined drying methods had different effects on the contents of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones in raw dark tea. 17 substances such as β-linalool, benzaldehyde, 1-octen-3-ol and β-ionone had relative contents of 1% or more in raw dark tea, accounting for 71.48%-80.33% of the relative contents of aroma components in each treatment. In conclusion, the raw dark tea prepared by the method of initial drying with drying (2 h, 60℃) and final drying with fried drying (160-180℃) showed the best sensory quality, and each quality component was more coordinated.

  Analysis of Microsatellites Characterization and Phylogenetic Relationship for Bathyuroconger vicinus Based on Genomic Survey Data ZHENG Yunkai, LIU Penghui, NIU Shiyang, YANG Tianyan 2025, 41 (25):  153-164.  DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0057 Abstract + ( 35 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF ( 2233KB )   ( 9 ) In order to explore the genomic adaptation mechanism and phylogenetic status of Bathyuroconger vicinus to extreme environments, this study carried out whole genome Survey sequencing and systematic analysis for the first time. The Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform was used for genome sequencing, combined with the SOAPdenovo2 assembly genome sketch, MISA was used to screen microsatellite loci, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the mitochondrial protein-coding gene tandem sequence. K-mer analysis revealed that the genome size of B. vicinus was approximately 1414 Mb, with the heterozygosity rate and repeat sequence proportion of 0.66% and 54.93%, respectively. A total of 1221434 microsatellite loci were identified, with an overall length of 10936848 bp. These microsatellites were randomly distributed across 698950 sequences, with the occurrence frequency, appearance frequency and relative abundance of 19.18%, 33.53%, and 857.57 loci/Mb, respectively. Among the six perfect microsatellite types, the dinucleotide repeat was the most prevalent (804493, 65.86%), with the highest appearance frequency (22.08%) and the greatest relative abundance (564.84 loci/Mb). There were 1484 repeat motifs in all, of which hexanucleotide repeat was the most diverse (668), followed by pentanucleotide repeat (583), tetranucleotide repeat (231), trinucleotide repeat (60), dinucleotide repeat (12), and mononucleotide repeat (4). The dominant repeat motifs were A (128843, 43.40%), CA (239966, 29.83%), AAT (9533, 12.30%), AAAT (2663, 8.16%), CATTA (316, 5.40%), and CACACT (268, 6.56%). The phylogenetic tree based on the concatenated sequences of mitochondrial protein-coding genes was constructed by using the maximum likelihood (ML) method. The topology indicated a close relationship between B. vicinus and the species from genus Uroconger. This study revealed the complex characteristics of B. vicinusis genome and numerous highly polymorphic microsatellite loci, which provided a molecular basis for the study of its deep-sea adaptation mechanism. The selected microsatellite loci can be used for population genetics analysis. The phylogenetic results supported its close relationship with the fish of the genus Uroconger, clarified its evolutionary status in the subfamily Congrinae, and suggested that Congridae may be a polyphyletic group.