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中国农学通报 ›› 2015, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (21): 58-64.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb15040106

所属专题: 资源与环境 玉米 水稻 农业生态

• 农学 农业基础科学 • 上一篇    下一篇

稻草覆盖与生态拦截对春玉米光合特性、养分累积及产量的影响

彭辉辉,刘 强,荣湘民,张玉平,田 昌,李旭霞,谢 勇,王心星,赵易艺   

  1. 长沙环境保护职业技术学院,湖南农业大学资源与环境学院,湖南农业大学资源与环境学院,湖南农业大学资源与环境学院,湖南农业大学资源与环境学院,湖南农业大学资源与环境学院,湖南农业大学资源与环境学院,湖南农业大学资源与环境学院,湖南农业大学资源与环境学院
  • 收稿日期:2015-04-14 修回日期:2015-06-29 接受日期:2015-05-11 出版日期:2015-07-28 发布日期:2015-07-28
  • 通讯作者: 张玉平
  • 基金资助:
    国家科技支撑计划项目 “南方丘陵山地农区农业面源污染防控技术集成与示范” (2012BAD15B04); 湖南省科技厅重点项目 “环洞庭湖区农业面源污染防控关键技术研究与示范” (2013NK2002); 湖南省科技计划项目 “基于环境效应评价的旱地减污高产型施氮技术研究” (2013NK3046)。

Effects of Straw Mulching and Ecological Interception on Photosynthetic Characteristics,Nutrients Accumulation and Yield of Spring Maize(Zea ways L.)

  • Received:2015-04-14 Revised:2015-06-29 Accepted:2015-05-11 Online:2015-07-28 Published:2015-07-28

摘要: 为了探明稻草覆盖、生态拦截(指在玉米地块边缘厢边种植大豆,下同)对春玉米生长发育及产量的影响,于2014年在湖南农业大学浏阳长期定位试验基地设置了不施肥(T1)、施化肥(T2)、施化肥+稻草覆盖(T3)、施化肥+生态拦截(T4)、施化肥+稻草覆盖+生态拦截(T5)5个试验处理,分析测试了棒三叶的SPAD值与光合特性以及玉米的养分累积、产量指标。结果表明,在施化肥的基础上,稻草覆盖、生态拦截能显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的提高春玉米叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和降低胞间CO2浓度,可使蒸腾速率降低但差异不显著(P>0.05);也能显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的增加春玉米地上部氮磷钾养分的累积量以及穗鲜重、茎叶鲜重、地上部总鲜重、穗粒数、百粒重、籽粒产量。其中以稻草覆盖+生态拦截处理(T5)的影响效果最明显,各指标与单纯施化肥处理(T2)之间的差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),氮、磷、钾养分累积量分别增加了28.83%、54.67%、17.67%,地上部总鲜重增加了24.94%,籽粒产量提高了28.13%;与单一的稻草覆盖(T3)相比,除胞间CO2浓度(P>0.05)、蒸腾速率(P<0.05)、籽粒产量(P<0.05)以外,其余指标差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);与单一的生态拦截(T4)相比,净光光合速率、气孔导度、磷钾累积量、地上部总鲜重、穗粒数、百粒重差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01),蒸腾速率、氮累积量、穗鲜重差异显著(P<0.05),但叶绿素含量、胞间CO2浓度、茎叶鲜重、籽粒产量没有表现出明显差异(P>0.05);而生态拦截(T4)与稻草覆盖(T3)相比,除叶绿素含量、茎叶鲜重、总鲜重(P<0.05)和钾累积量(P<0.01)以外,其余指标差异均不显著(P>0.05)。这说明稻草覆盖、生态拦截可促进春玉米的生长发育和养分累积,进而提高产量,且两者共同作用的效果更明显;从整体上看,生态拦截的影响效果好于稻草覆盖。

关键词: 局地短历时强降水, 局地短历时强降水, 前倾槽, MCC

Abstract: Straw mulching and ecological interception are important cultivation measures. They may reduce soil and water loss, and affect the growth and yield of maize. A long-term field plot experiment was conducted at the Experimental Base of Southern Hilly and Mountainous Cultivated Region in Liuyang City, Hunan Province, China. The design consisted of five treatments: no fertilizer (T1), chemical fertilizer (T2), chemical fertilizer plus straw mulching (T3), chemical fertilizer plus ecological interception (kernel by soybean, the same below) (T4) and chemical fertilizer plus straw mulching and ecological interception (T5). The study mainly investigated SPAD value and photosynthetic characteristics of three ear- leaves, nutrients accumulation and yield of spring maize. The results in 2014 showed that compared with T2, based on the application of chemical fertilizer, straw mulching and ecological interception increased chlorophyll content (P<0.05 or P<0.01), net photosynthetic rate (P<0.01), stomatal conductance (P<0.01) of three ear-leaves, and decreased intercellular CO2 concentration (P<0.05 or P<0.01) and transpiration rate (P>0.05), and also increased nitrogen (P<0.05 or P<0.01), phosphorus (P<0.01) and potassium (P<0.01) accumulation in shoots, ear fresh weight (P<0.01), stem and leaf fresh weight (P<0.01), total shoot fresh weight (P<0.01), ear kernel number (P<0.01), 100- kernel weight (P<0.05), grain yield (P<0.01) of spring maize. Therefore, T5 was the most optimal in all treatments. The differences of all the indicators between T5 and T2 were significant at P<0.01. Compared with T2, T5’ s nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation respectively increased by 28.83%, 54.67% and 17.67% , then total shoot fresh weight and grain yield increased by 24.94% and 28.13% , respectively. Except intercellular CO2 concentration (P>0.05), transpiration rate (P<0.05) and grain yield (P<0.05), the differences of all other indicators between T5 and T3 were significant at P<0.01. Meanwhile, the differences of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, phosphorus and potassium accumulation, total shoot fresh weight, ear kernel number and 100- kernel weight were extremely significant (P<0.01), and transpiration rate, nitrogen accumulation and ear fresh weight were significant (P<0.05), but chlorophyll content, intercellular CO2 concentration, stem and leaf fresh weight and grain yield were not significant (P>0.05) between T5 and T4. However, except chlorophyll content (P<0.05), stem and leaf fresh weight (P<0.05), total fresh weight (P<0.05) and potassium accumulation (P<0.01), there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among all other indicators between T4 and T3. In summary, both straw mulching and ecological interception can improve photosynthetic characteristics and increase nutrients accumulation and yield of spring maize, and there are obvious interaction effects. Generally, effects of ecological interception are more significant than that of straw mulching.