秸秆还田与减氮对砂姜黑土理化指标及小麦产量的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb19030112

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旨在为砂姜黑土区减肥增效技术在小麦生产上的推广应用提供参考,在豫南典型砂姜黑土区小麦/玉米轮作体系下进行大田试验。田间试验以秸秆还田作为主处理,以不同氮肥施用为副处理,包括：0%（不施氮肥,CK）、普通尿素100%（农民习惯施肥,普N100）、普通尿素70%（普N70）、控失氮肥70%（控N70）。结果表明,与不还田条件下的减氮处理相比,还田条件下普N70和控N70处理土壤容重分别显著降低12.3%、17.9%,土壤全氮含量显著提高25.0%、27.3%,然而减氮处理与全量氮肥处理之间无明显差异。与不还田的对应处理相比,还田处理的普N70、控N70和CK的土壤有机碳显著增加38.6%、30.5%、30.6%。秸秆还田显著影响土壤容重、全N和有机碳含量,施肥处理间并不显著。小麦氮肥利用率(NRE)以及氮肥收获指数(NHI)均以控N70处理最高,但与普N100、普N70处理无显著差异。小麦产量以还田条件下的控N70处理最高,较不还田的普N100增产13.9%。综上,秸秆还田比减氮(30%)对砂姜黑土理化性状和产量的影响更大,与普通尿素100%相比,施用控失氮肥70%与普通尿素70%的产量无明显差异。

关键词: 秸秆还田, 控失氮肥, 减氮, 土壤理化指标, 氮肥利用率

Abstract:

To guide the application of fertilizer reduction and efficiency increase in wheat production in mortar black soil area, a field experiment was conducted under wheat/maize rotation system in south Henan Province. A split-plot design was conducted with straw returning as main-plot factor and different nitrogen fertilizer applications as split-plot factor, including: 0% (no nitrogen fertilizer, CK), common urea 100% (farmers’ habit fertilization, urea N100), common urea 70% (urea N70), and loss-control urea 70% (CLU N70). The results showed that the soil bulk density of the urea N70 and CLU N70 treatments significantly decreased by 12.3% and 17.9%, respectively, and the soil total nitrogen significantly increased by 25.0% and 27.3%, respectively, compared with the non-returning treatments of nitrogen reduction. However, there was no significant difference among the different nitrogen treatments under straw returning. Compared with the corresponding non-returning treatments, the soil organic matter of urea N70, CLU N70 and CK treatments under straw returning were significantly increased by 38.6%, 30.5% and 30.6%, respectively. Straw returning significantly affected the soil bulk density, total nitrogen and organic matter, but no significant differences were detected among fertilization treatments. Nitrogen use efficiency (NRE) and nitrogen fertilizer harvesting index (NHI) of wheat showed the highest values in CLU N70 treatment but did not differ obviously from that in urea N100 and urea N70 treatment. The maximum wheat yield was observed in CLU N70 treatment under straw returning, and increased by 13.9% compared with that in non-returning urea N100 treatment. In summary, straw returning has stronger influence on soil physicochemical properties and wheat yield than nitrogen reduction (30% level); compared with 100% common urea, no significant difference of soil properties and wheat yield could be observed between 70% loss-control urea and 70% common urea.

Key words: straw returning, loss-control urea, nitrogen reduction, soil physicochemical properties, nitrogen use efficiency

中图分类号:

黄柯铭, 仝昊天, 韩燕来, 李培培. 秸秆还田与减氮对砂姜黑土理化指标及小麦产量的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2020, 36(8): 21-26.

Huang Keming, Tong Haotian, Han Yanlai, Li Peipei. Straw Returning and Nitrogen Reduction: Effects on Physicochemical Properties of Mortar Black Soil and Wheat Yield[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2020, 36(8): 21-26.

图/表 5

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	施肥处理	土壤含水量/ %	土壤容重/ (g/cm³)	土壤全N/ (g/kg)	有机碳/ (g/kg)	速效P/ (mg/kg)	速效K/ (mg/kg)
还田	CK	18.3%	1.00bc	1.5a	15.4a	37.4ab	159.9ab
	普N100	18.0%	1.01abc	1.5a	15.1a	38.4ab	154.9ab
	普N70	18.6%	0.98c	1.4a	15.2a	41.2a	173.2a
	控N70	18.8%	0.94c	1.5a	15.0a	35.7ab	144.8b
不还田	CK	18.0%	1.07abc	1.2b	11.8b	33.1b	180.0a
	普N100	16.7%	1.05abc	1.2b	11.7b	35.7ab	161.5ab
	普N70	18.1%	1.11ab	1.2b	11.0b	30.0b	180.0a
	控N70	16.2%	1.15a	1.2b	11.5b	35.2ab	173.0a
秸秆还田与否		0.138	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.031	0.066
施肥		0.749	0.950	0.580	0.930	0.896	0.444
秸秆还田×施肥		0.706	0.210	0.709	0.956	0.192	0.716

	施肥处理	土壤含水量/ %	土壤容重/ (g/cm³)	土壤全N/ (g/kg)	有机碳/ (g/kg)	速效P/ (mg/kg)	速效K/ (mg/kg)
还田	CK	18.3%	1.00bc	1.5a	15.4a	37.4ab	159.9ab
	普N100	18.0%	1.01abc	1.5a	15.1a	38.4ab	154.9ab
	普N70	18.6%	0.98c	1.4a	15.2a	41.2a	173.2a
	控N70	18.8%	0.94c	1.5a	15.0a	35.7ab	144.8b
不还田	CK	18.0%	1.07abc	1.2b	11.8b	33.1b	180.0a
	普N100	16.7%	1.05abc	1.2b	11.7b	35.7ab	161.5ab
	普N70	18.1%	1.11ab	1.2b	11.0b	30.0b	180.0a
	控N70	16.2%	1.15a	1.2b	11.5b	35.2ab	173.0a
秸秆还田与否		0.138	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.031	0.066
施肥		0.749	0.950	0.580	0.930	0.896	0.444
秸秆还田×施肥		0.706	0.210	0.709	0.956	0.192	0.716

	施肥处理	公顷穗数/10⁴个	穗粒数/粒	千粒重/g
还田	CK	534.8±29.3ab	36.9±4.2ab	39.8±1.1b
	普N100	529.9±81.1ab	39.2±3.1ab	35.1±1.5c
	普N70	571.4±33.0ab	42.7±5.3a	34.4±1.7c
	控N70	589.7±26.4ab	42.0±4.9ab	35.2±0.7c
不还田	CK	441.4±23.8b	36.2±8.3ab	45.8±3.4a
	普N100	542.1±19.7ab	37.4±1.6ab	38.1±3.0b
	普N70	648.4±35.3a	39.1±4.0ab	37.9±2.0b
	控N70	590.9±33.8ab	32.9±5.8b	37.7±0.5b
秸秆还田与否		0.982	0.078	0.000
施肥		0.070	0.490	0.000
秸秆还田×施肥		0.355	0.489	0.365

	施肥处理	公顷穗数/10⁴个	穗粒数/粒	千粒重/g
还田	CK	534.8±29.3ab	36.9±4.2ab	39.8±1.1b
	普N100	529.9±81.1ab	39.2±3.1ab	35.1±1.5c
	普N70	571.4±33.0ab	42.7±5.3a	34.4±1.7c
	控N70	589.7±26.4ab	42.0±4.9ab	35.2±0.7c
不还田	CK	441.4±23.8b	36.2±8.3ab	45.8±3.4a
	普N100	542.1±19.7ab	37.4±1.6ab	38.1±3.0b
	普N70	648.4±35.3a	39.1±4.0ab	37.9±2.0b
	控N70	590.9±33.8ab	32.9±5.8b	37.7±0.5b
秸秆还田与否		0.982	0.078	0.000
施肥		0.070	0.490	0.000
秸秆还田×施肥		0.355	0.489	0.365

	施肥处理	地上部氮积累/(kg/hm²)	氮肥利用率/%	氮肥收获指数/%
还田	CK	184.31
	普N100	217.83	20.31	55.32
	普N70	218.38	29.50	57.39
	控N70	220.18	31.06	61.37
不还田	CK	184.74
	普N100	210.20	15.69	49.76
	普N70	217.74	34.51	54.20
	控N70	234.34	43.32	51.15