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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2021, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (9): 71-78.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2020-0278

所属专题： 资源与环境； 玉米； 烟草种植与生产

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

减量施肥条件下甜玉米产量效应与农田氮、磷流失特征

郭秋萍1,2(), 梁善1,2, 阚玉景1,2, 黄帮裕1,2, 雷泽湘1,2, 李永胜1,2, 杜建军1,2()   

  1. 1仲恺农业工程学院资源与环境学院,广州 510225
    2广东省普通高校农业产地污染综合防治工程技术研究中心,广州 510225
  • 收稿日期:2020-07-21 修回日期:2020-09-20 出版日期:2021-03-25 发布日期:2021-04-09
  • 通讯作者: 杜建军
  • 作者简介:郭秋萍,女,1994年出生,广东肇庆人,研究生,研究方向：农业面源污染防控研究。通信地址：510225 广东省广州市海珠区仲恺路501号 仲恺农业工程学院,Tel：020-89003191,E-mail： guolaoda9@163.com。
  • 基金资助:
    “广东省农业资源环境共性关键技术创新团队建设任务”(2019KJ118);“广东省玉米产业技术体系创新团队建设任务”(粤农农函【2019】1019号);广州市科技计划项目“区域农田氮磷减施与面源污染治理技术研究与示范”(201704020187)

Yield Effect of Sweet Corn and Characteristics of Farmland Nitrogen and Phosphorus Runoff Losses Under Reduced Fertilizer Rate

Guo Qiuping1,2(), Liang Shan1,2, Kan Yujing1,2, Huang Bangyu1,2, Lei Zexiang1,2, Li Yongsheng1,2, Du Jianjun1,2()   

  1. 1College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225
    2Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Prevention and Control of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510225
  • Received:2020-07-21 Revised:2020-09-20 Online:2021-03-25 Published:2021-04-09
  • Contact: Du Jianjun

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摘要：

从农田面源污染产生的源头入手,研究减量施肥条件下甜玉米的产量效应和氮、磷流失特征,寻求防控甜玉米农田氮、磷流失的减肥增效措施。通过田间试验,设置（1）不施肥(CK);（2）常规施肥(CF);（3）配方肥(FF);（4）配方肥+有机肥(OFFF);（5）配方肥+生物炭(BFF);（6）配方肥+控释尿素(CRUFF);（7）尿素+控释BB肥(UCRF)。结果表明：在氮肥用量减少20%条件下,处理CF与FF、BFF、CRUFF之间并无显著差异,而与处理OFFF、UCRF间达到显著差异(P<0.05),OFFF、UCRF分别较CF增产达17.8%、16.8%。甜玉米生育期地表径流总氮浓度和流失量呈逐步下降趋势,CF氮素流失总量最大,达到3.54 kg/hm2;减量施肥条件下农田氮素流失总量显著降低,降幅为18.4%~45.5%,其中以CRUFF最为显著,其次为UCRF、OFFF和BFF;减量施肥条件下,OFFF、FF、UCRF处理总磷流失量显著降低(P<0.05),降幅为46.7%~60.0%,其中以OFFF最为显著。浅层地下水氮磷浓度能一定程度反映农田氮磷渗漏情况。甜玉米生育期CF处理浅层地下水氮磷浓度最高,分别达到45.85 mg/L和4.10 mg/L,而CRUFF生育期总氮浓度最高为22.79 mg/L,较CF降低50.3%,CRUFF生育期总磷浓度最高为2.73 mg/L,较CF降低33.4%。浅层地下水中氮素是以铵态氮为主要存在形态。与传统施肥比较,以减氮20%为目标的配方肥(21.2-6.36-18.42)及其分别与控释尿素、控释BB肥、有机肥配施不仅可以获得高产,而且能有效防控农田氮磷流失,减少面源污染风险。

关键词: 甜玉米, 减量施肥, 氮磷流失, 地表径流, 浅层地下水, 产量

Abstract:

Starting from the source of farmland non-point source pollution, the yield effect of sweet corn (Zea mays) and nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses from farmland under reduced fertilizer rate were studied, and the measures for fertilizer reduction and controlling the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from sweet corn farmland were explored. Field experiments were conducted with treatments: (1) no fertilizer (CK); (2) conventional fertilization (CF); (3) formula fertilizer (FF); (4) FF + organic fertilizer (OFFF); (5) FF + biochar (BFF); (6) FF + controlled-release urea (CRUFF); (7) FF + controlled release BB fertilizer (UCRF). The results showed that under the condition of reducing nitrogen fertilizer by 20%, there was no significant difference between the treatments of CF and FF, BFF, CRUFF, but the difference between the treatments of OFFF and UCRF (P<0.05) were significant. The yield of sweet corn of OFFF and UCRF increased by 17.8% and 16.8% respectively compared with that of CF. During the growth period of sweet corn, the total nitrogen concentration of runoff showed a gradual downward trend, and the total amount of CF nitrogen loss was the largest, reached 3.54 kg/hm2. The total amount of nitrogen loss in farmland was significantly reduced under the condition of reduced fertilization rate, with a decrease of 18.4%-45.5%, of which CRUFF was the most significant, followed by UCRF, OFFF and BFF. Under reduced fertilizer rate, the total phosphorus loss of OFFF, FF and UCRF were significantly reduced (P<0.05), with the decrease rate of 46.7%-60.0%, of which OFFF was the most significant. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in shallow groundwater could reflect the nitrogen and phosphorus leakage of farmland to a certain extent. The nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of shallow groundwater of CF during the growth period of sweet corn was the highest of 45.85 and 4.10 mg/L, respectively, while the total nitrogen concentration of CRUFF was 22.79 mg/L, which was 50.3% lower than that of CF. The highest phosphorus concentration was 2.73 mg/L, which was 33.4% lower than that of CF. The nitrogen in the shallow groundwater was mainly in the form of ammonium nitrogen. Compared with traditional fertilization, formula fertilizer (21.2-6.36-18.42) aiming to reduce nitrogen by 20% and its combining application with controlled-release urea, controlled-release bulk blending fertilizer and organic fertilizer respectively could not only achieve high yield, but also effectively prevent and control the losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland, reducing the risk of non-point source pollution.

Key words: sweet corn, reduced fertilizer rate, nitrogen and phosphorus loss, surface runoff, shallow groundwater, yield

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