施氮对胡麻磷素营养状况的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0024

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探讨氮肥运筹在调控胡麻磷素营养方面的潜力,通过2个土培试验,研究了氮肥用量及等量氮肥的施用时期、比例对胡麻磷素积累和磷素利用的影响。结果表明：施氮显著增加了植株体内的磷素积累量;0.1 g N/kg土及0.2 g N/kg土的氮肥全部作为基肥施用,成熟期植株体内的磷素积累量较不施氮肥分别提高了24.83%和34.23%;0.2 g N/kg土的氮肥,100%基肥(F₁)、2/3基肥+1/3现蕾追肥(F₂)、1/2基肥+1/2现蕾追肥(F₃)、1/6基肥+5/6枞形追肥(F₄)、1/6基肥+1/3枞形追肥+1/2现蕾追肥(F₅) 5种施用方式下,F₂、F₃、F₄、F₅的植株体内磷素积累量,较F₁,枞形、现蕾、青果和成熟期分别增加了14.17%~32.60%、9.32%~66.20%、20.47%~36.35%和4.65%~31.04%,且增幅依F₂、F₃、F₄、F₅的顺序增加;基肥追肥结合且基肥比例≤1/2的施氮方式,均有效促进了磷的吸收,F₃、F₄、F₅协助磷素累积的效果依次增加。施氮协同提高了磷素吸收效率及磷肥偏生产力;F₅比F₁、F₂、F₃、F₄,植株干物质积累量和籽粒产量分别提高了7.89%~22.02%和9.59%~26.71%,磷素吸收效率和磷肥偏生产力分别提高了10.58%~31.04%和9.59%~26.71%,磷素干物质生产效率降低了2.42%~7.43%。氮磷的吸收具有协助作用,一定范围内氮肥用量的增加提高了氮磷之间的协助作用;等剂量的氮肥,基肥和追肥结合比全部作为基肥施用可更好地发挥氮磷吸收之间的协助作用;基肥占比小于1/2、现蕾期追肥比例1/2左右,是胡麻较好的促生又促进磷素吸收累积和提高磷肥偏生产力的氮肥运筹方式,但该方式下的磷素干物质生产效率及磷素籽粒生产效率均较低。

关键词: 氮肥用量, 氮肥施用时期, 胡麻, 磷素积累量, 磷素利用

Abstract:

To explore the potential of nitrogen (N) fertilizer management in regulating phosphorus (P) nutrition of oil flax, two soil culture experiments were used, and the response of P accumulation and utilization of oil flax to N fertilizer amount, application period and ratio was studied. The results showed that N application significantly increased P accumulation in plants. Compared with no N fertilizer, 0.1 g N/kg soil and 0.2 g N/kg soil, all applied as basal fertilizer, increased P accumulation in mature plants by 24.83% and 34.23%, respectively. When N fertilizer of 0.2 g N/kg soil was set in the following five application modes: 100% basal fertilizer (F₁), 2/3 basal fertilizer + 1/3 top dressing in budding period (F₂), 1/2 basal fertilizer + 1/2 top dressing in budding period (F₃), 1/6 basal fertilizer + 5/6 top dressing in fir-shaped period (F₄), 1/6 basal fertilizer + 1/3 top dressing in fir-shaped period + 1/2 top dressing in budding period (F₅), P accumulation in oil flax plants of F₂, F₃, F₄ and F₅ increased by 14.17%-32.60% (fir-shaped period), 9.32%-66.20% (budding period), 20.47%-36.35% (green fruit period) and 4.65%-31.04% (mature period), respectively, compared with that of F₁, and the increasing range was in the order of F₂, F₃, F₄ and F₅. The N application mode of basal fertilizer combined with topdressing, accompanied by basal fertilizer ratio ≤1/2, effectively promoted P absorption, and the synergy effect of F₃, F₄ and F₅ on P accumulation increased sequentially. N application synergistically improved P absorption efficiency and P fertilizer partial factor productivity. Compared with F₁, F₂, F₃ and F₄, F₅ increased plant dry matter accumulation and grain yield by 7.89%-22.02% and 9.59%-26.71%, respectively, and improved P absorption efficiency and P fertilizer partial factor productivity by 10.58%-31.04%, and increased phosphorus absorption efficiency and phosphorus partial productivity by 10.58%-31.04% and 9.59%-26.71%, respectively, reduced P dry matter production efficiency by 2.42%-7.43%. The synergy effect existed in the absorption of N and P, and the greater the N fertilizer amount within a certain range, the greater the effect was. For the same amount of N fertilizer, basal fertilizer combined with topdressing played a better role in assisting P absorption than all N was used as basal fertilizer. N fertilizer of basal application less than 1/2 with top dressing of about 1/2 in budding period is a better N fertilizer management mode, which could not only promote oil flax growth, but also improve P absorption and P fertilizer partial factor productivity. However, this way could result in a lower P use efficiency for both dry matter production and grain yield.

Key words: nitrogen fertilizer amount, nitrogen fertilizer application period, oil flax, phosphorus accumulation, phosphorus utilization

中图分类号:

S565.9

郭丽琢, 杨波, 高玉红, 牛俊义. 施氮对胡麻磷素营养状况的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2022, 38(21): 24-31.

GUO Lizhuo, YANG Bo, GAO Yuhong, NIU Junyi. Effects of Nitrogen Application on Phosphorus Nutrition of Oil Flax[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2022, 38(21): 24-31.

图/表 5

参考文献 40

[1]	周亚东, 李明. 世界油用亚麻生产发展回顾与展望[J]. 中国农学通报, 2010, 26(9):151-155.
[2]	高忠东, 胡晓军, 李群, 等. 高品质亚麻油标准的探讨[J]. 山西农业科学, 2017, 45(12):2049-2050,2055.
[3]	邓乾春, 禹晓, 黄庆德, 等. 亚麻籽油的营养特性研究进展[J]. 天然产物研究与开发, 2010(22):715-721.
[4]	周政. 我国亚麻籽油产业发展现状及存在问题[J]. 中国油脂, 2020, 45(9):134-136.
[5]	张雯丽. 中国特色油料产业高质量发展思路与对策[J]. 中国油料作物学报, 2020, 42(2):167-174.
[6]	戴庆林, 张金瑞. 胡麻氮磷钾营养特性的研究初报[J]. 土壤肥料, 1981(3):36-38.
[7]	谢亚萍. 油用亚麻氮磷营养规律及其氮代谢特征研究[D]. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学, 2014:25-60,93.
[8]	谢亚萍, 赵玮, 王斌, 等. 胡麻产量相关因子对氮磷的响应. 见:中国作物学会油料作物专业委员会第八次会员代表大会暨学术年会综述与摘要集2018. 青岛: 青岛出版集团有限公司, 2018:281.
[9]	潘瑞炽. 植物生理学[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2008:28-54.
[10]	杨雄, 马群, 张洪程, 等. 不同氮肥水平下早熟晚粳氮和磷的吸收利用特性及相互关系[J]. 作物学报, 2012, 38(1):174-180.
[11]	李伶俐, 房卫平, 马宗斌, 等. 施氮量对杂交棉氮、磷、钾吸收利用和产量及品质的影响[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2010, 16(3):663-667.
[12]	郭瑀, 李廷轩, 张锡洲. 施氮提高矿山生态型水蓼富集土壤磷能力研究[J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2018, 24(5):1313-1320.
[13]	李景波, 苏乐旺, 付立东. 氮素基蘖穗肥不同施入比例对水稻产量及氮磷吸收量的影响[J]. 农业工程, 2011, 1(4):84-87.
[14]	索全义, 郝虎林, 索风兰, 等. 氮磷化肥对胡麻产量形成的影响[J]. 内蒙古农业科技. 2001(土肥专辑):18-19.
[15]	WANG R, GOLL D, BALKANSKI Y, et al. Global forest carbon uptake due to nitrogen and phosphorus deposition from 1850 to 2100[J]. Global change biology, 2017, 23(11):4854-4872. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13766 URL
[16]	谢亚萍, 吴兵, 牛俊义, 等. 施氮量对旱地胡麻养分积累、转运及氮素利用率的影响[J]. 中国油料作物学报, 2014, 36(3):357-362.
[17]	李雨阳. 白银市沿黄灌区胡麻氮肥基施与追施比例及追肥时期研究[J]. 甘肃农业科技, 2015(8):41-43.
[18]	郭娟娟, 董宏伟, 崔政军, 等. 氮肥运筹方式对胡麻干物质积累、产量及氮素吸收转运的影响[J]. 甘肃农业大学学报, 2020, 55(4):60-68.
[19]	鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析(第3版)[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2005:268-270.
[20]	朱从桦, 谢孟林, 郭萍, 等. 硅、磷配施对玉米氮钾养分吸收利用的影响[J]. 土壤通报, 2015, 46(6):1489-1496.
[21]	VANCE C P, UHDE-S TONE C, A LLAN D L. Phosphorus acquisition and use: Critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource[J]. New phytologist, 2003(157):423-447.
[22]	谢欢, 张秋芳, 曾泉鑫, 等. 施氮通过改变微生物生物量磷驱动杉木土壤磷组分转化[J]. 生态学杂志, 2020, 39(12):3934-3942.
[23]	KAVANOVÁ M, LATTANZI F A, GRIMOLDI A A, et al. Phosphorus deficiency decreases cell division and elongation in grass leaves[J]. Plant physiology, 2006(141):766-775.
[24]	VITOUSEK P M, PORDER S, HOULTON B Z, et al. Terrestrial phosphorus limitation: Mechanisms, implications, and nitrogen- phosphorus interactions[J]. Ecological applications, 2010(20):5-15.
[25]	饶立華. 氮、磷、钾营养的相互作用[J]. 土壤通报, 1964(2):50-52.
[26]	纪德智, 王端, 赵京考, 等. 不同氮肥形式对玉米氮、磷、钾吸收及氮素平衡的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2014, 28(4):104-109.
[27]	赵俊晔, 于振文, 李延奇, 等. 施氮量对小麦氮磷钾养分吸收利用和产量的影响[J]. 西北植物学报, 2006, 26(1):98-103.
[28]	高小丽. 施肥对西北半干旱地区土壤养分、胡麻养分吸收及产量的影响[D]. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学, 2010:23-26.
[29]	冷华妮, 陈益泰, 饶龙兵, 等. 供氮水平对枫香种源幼苗生长及氮、磷吸收利用的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 2009, 3(6):79-84.
[30]	MILLER M H. Effects of nitrogen on phosphorous absorption by plants. In: Carson E W. The plant root and its environment[M]. Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia, 1974:643-668.
[31]	COLE C V, GRUNES D L, PORTER L K, et al. The effects of nitrogen on short term phosphorous absorption and translocation in corn (Zea mays L.)[J]. Soil sci soc am j, 1963(27):671-674.
[32]	THIEN S J, MCFEE W W. Effect of nitrogen on phosphorous transport systems in Zea mays L.[J]. Soil sci soc am j, 1972(36):617-620.
[33]	SMITH F W, JACK SON W A. Nitrogen enhancement of phosphate transport in roots of Zea mays L.: I. Effects of ammonium and nitrate pretreatment[J]. Plant physiol, 1987(84):1314-1318.
[34]	SMITH F W, JACK SON W A. Nitrogen enhancement of phosphate transport in roots of Zea mays L.:II. Kinetic and inhibitor studies[J]. Plant physiol, 1987(84):1319-1324.
[35]	李宝珍, 王松伟, 冯慧敏, 等. 氮素供应形态对水稻根系形态和磷吸收的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2008, 22(5):665-668.
[36]	刘晓伟, 王火焰, 朱德进, 等. 氮肥施用方式对水稻产量以及氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用的影响[J]. 南京农业大学学报, 2017, 40(2):203-210.
[37]	孔丽丽, 杨建, 于雷, 等. 氮肥追施方式对不同类型土壤玉米养分吸收及利用的影响[J]. 玉米科学, 2015, 23(3):124-129.
[38]	王弘. 氮肥追施时期与比例对马铃薯养分积累及产量形成的影响[D]. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学, 2014:23-29.
[39]	于飞, 施卫明. 近10年中国大陆主要粮食作物氮肥利用率分析[J]. 土壤学报, 2015, 52(6):1311-1324.
[40]	王激清, 马文奇, 江荣风, 等. 我国水稻、小麦、玉米基肥和追肥用量及比例分析[J]. 土壤通报, 2008, 39(2):329-333.

时期	处理	根	茎	叶	生殖器官	籽粒	整株
枞形期	F₀	0.0747 a	0.0093 a	0.0644 a			0.1483 a
	F₁	0.0613 c	0.0068 b	0.0456 d			0.1138 c
	F₂	0.0669 b	0.0092 a	0.0538 c			0.1299 b
	F₃	0.0673 b	0.0089 a	0.0594 b			0.1356 b
	F₄	0.0749 a	0.0088 a	0.0667 a			0.1504 a
	F₅	0.0724 a	0.0090 a	0.0694 a			0.1508 a
现蕾期	F₀	0.0457 d	0.0188 d	0.0429 e	0.0440 d		0.1514 f
	F₁	0.0468 d	0.0232 c	0.0481 d	0.0473 c		0.1653 e
	F₂	0.0542 c	0.0313 b	0.0470 d	0.0482 c		0.1807 d
	F₃	0.0590 c	0.0300 b	0.0662 c	0.0550 b		0.2102 c
	F₄	0.0789 b	0.0333 a	0.0700 b	0.0698 a		0.2520 b
	F₅	0.0880 a	0.0342 a	0.0793 a	0.0734 a		0.2748 a
青果期	F₀	0.5338 d	0.1722 d	0.1555 d	0.5450 d		1.4064 e
	F₁	0.6527 c	0.1868 c	0.2150 b	0.7384 c		1.7929 d
	F₂	0.5966 c	0.1907 c	0.1891 c	0.7138 c		1.6902 d
	F₃	0.7955 b	0.2553 b	0.2727 a	0.8364 b		2.1599 c
	F₄	0.8276 b	0.2397 b	0.2795 a	0.9357 a		2.2825 b
	F₅	0.9710 a	0.2726 a	0.2827 a	0.9183 a		2.4446 a
成熟期	F₀	0.5520 e	0.2906 e	0.3240 d	0.9458 d	0.7588 d	2.1124 e
	F₁	0.6008 d	0.3257 d	0.3456 c	1.0507 c	0.8108 c	2.3229 d
	F₂	0.6228 d	0.3462 c	0.4266 b	1.0353 c	0.8159 c	2.4309 cd
	F₃	0.6950 c	0.3477 bc	0.4215 b	1.1086 b	0.9027 b	2.5728 c
	F₄	0.7613 b	0.3685 ab	0.4250 b	1.1978 a	0.9083 b	2.7527 b
	F₅	0.9209 a	0.3903 a	0.4585 a	1.2742 a	0.9814 a	3.0438 a

时期	处理	根	茎	叶	生殖器官	籽粒	整株
枞形期	F₀	0.0747 a	0.0093 a	0.0644 a			0.1483 a
	F₁	0.0613 c	0.0068 b	0.0456 d			0.1138 c
	F₂	0.0669 b	0.0092 a	0.0538 c			0.1299 b
	F₃	0.0673 b	0.0089 a	0.0594 b			0.1356 b
	F₄	0.0749 a	0.0088 a	0.0667 a			0.1504 a
	F₅	0.0724 a	0.0090 a	0.0694 a			0.1508 a
现蕾期	F₀	0.0457 d	0.0188 d	0.0429 e	0.0440 d		0.1514 f
	F₁	0.0468 d	0.0232 c	0.0481 d	0.0473 c		0.1653 e
	F₂	0.0542 c	0.0313 b	0.0470 d	0.0482 c		0.1807 d
	F₃	0.0590 c	0.0300 b	0.0662 c	0.0550 b		0.2102 c
	F₄	0.0789 b	0.0333 a	0.0700 b	0.0698 a		0.2520 b
	F₅	0.0880 a	0.0342 a	0.0793 a	0.0734 a		0.2748 a
青果期	F₀	0.5338 d	0.1722 d	0.1555 d	0.5450 d		1.4064 e
	F₁	0.6527 c	0.1868 c	0.2150 b	0.7384 c		1.7929 d
	F₂	0.5966 c	0.1907 c	0.1891 c	0.7138 c		1.6902 d
	F₃	0.7955 b	0.2553 b	0.2727 a	0.8364 b		2.1599 c
	F₄	0.8276 b	0.2397 b	0.2795 a	0.9357 a		2.2825 b
	F₅	0.9710 a	0.2726 a	0.2827 a	0.9183 a		2.4446 a
成熟期	F₀	0.5520 e	0.2906 e	0.3240 d	0.9458 d	0.7588 d	2.1124 e
	F₁	0.6008 d	0.3257 d	0.3456 c	1.0507 c	0.8108 c	2.3229 d
	F₂	0.6228 d	0.3462 c	0.4266 b	1.0353 c	0.8159 c	2.4309 cd
	F₃	0.6950 c	0.3477 bc	0.4215 b	1.1086 b	0.9027 b	2.5728 c
	F₄	0.7613 b	0.3685 ab	0.4250 b	1.1978 a	0.9083 b	2.7527 b
	F₅	0.9209 a	0.3903 a	0.4585 a	1.2742 a	0.9814 a	3.0438 a

处理	干物质积累量/ (g/株)	籽粒产量/ (g/株)	磷素吸收效率/ (mg/mg)	磷素干物质生产效率/ (mg/mg)	磷素籽粒生产效率/ (mg/mg)	磷肥偏生产力/ (mg/mg)
N₀	0.38 c	0.10 c	0.0466 c	255.03 a	67.11 a	3.13 d
N₁	0.44 b	0.13 b	0.0600 b	229.17 b	67.71 a	4.06 b
N_2a	0.45 b	0.11 c	0.0606 b	231.96 b	56.70 b	3.44 c
N_2b	0.51 a	0.15 a	0.0819 a	194.66 c	57.25 b	4.69 a

处理	干物质积累量/ (g/株)	籽粒产量/ (g/株)	磷素吸收效率/ (mg/mg)	磷素干物质生产效率/ (mg/mg)	磷素籽粒生产效率/ (mg/mg)	磷肥偏生产力/ (mg/mg)
N₀	0.38 c	0.10 c	0.0466 c	255.03 a	67.11 a	3.13 d
N₁	0.44 b	0.13 b	0.0600 b	229.17 b	67.71 a	4.06 b
N_2a	0.45 b	0.11 c	0.0606 b	231.96 b	56.70 b	3.44 c
N_2b	0.51 a	0.15 a	0.0819 a	194.66 c	57.25 b	4.69 a

处理	干物质积累量/ (g/株)	籽粒产量/ (g/株)	磷素吸收效率/ (mg/mg)	磷素干物质生产效率/ (mg/mg)	磷素籽粒生产效率/ (mg/mg)	磷肥偏生产力/ (mg/mg)
F₀	0.6260 d	0.1175 d	0.0374 e	296.37 a	55.62 bc	2.08 d
F₁	0.6885 c	0.1446 b	0.0411 d	296.38 a	62.25 a	2.56 b
F₂	0.6844 c	0.1299 c	0.0430 cd	281.55 ab	53.44 c	2.30 c
F₃	0.7528 b	0.1502 b	0.0455 c	292.61 ab	58.38 b	2.66 b
F₄	0.7740 b	0.1338 c	0.0487 b	281.18 ab	48.61 d	2.37 c
F₅	0.8351 a	0.1646 a	0.0539 a	274.37 b	54.08 c	2.91 a