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中国农学通报 ›› 2022, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (11): 64-74.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2021-0454

所属专题: 生物技术 农业气象

• 资源·环境·生态·土壤·气象 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国气候变化对农作物育种策略影响探究

汪和廷1(), 张从合1(), 方玉1,2, 褚进华3, 严志1, 周桂香1, 王林1, 杨韦1, 申广勒1, 王慧1   

  1. 1安徽荃银高科种业股份有限公司/农业部杂交水稻新品种创制重点实验室,合肥 230088
    2上海中科荃银分子育种技术有限公司,上海 200233
    3中国气象局上海物资管理处,上海 200050
  • 收稿日期:2021-04-27 修回日期:2021-06-18 出版日期:2022-04-15 发布日期:2022-05-18
  • 通讯作者: 张从合
  • 作者简介:汪和廷,男,1989年出生,安徽岳西人,农艺师,硕士,研究方向:作物栽培学与耕作学。通信地址:230088 安徽合肥高新区创新大道98号 安徽荃银高科种业股份有限公司,Tel:0551-65197022,E-mail: 345363406@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    安徽省科技重大专项“优质、多抗、高产杂交水稻种质资源及品种精准高效培育及应用”(201903a06020011);上海市科技兴农项目“基于全基因组学水稻新品种创制及应用”(沪农科创字[2019]第1-3号)

The Impact of Climate Change on Crop Breeding Strategies in China

WANG Heting1(), ZHANG Conghe1(), FANG Yu1,2, CHU Jinhua3, YAN Zhi1, ZHOU Guixiang1, WANG Lin1, YANG Wei1, SHEN Guangle1, WANG Hui1   

  1. 1Anhui Win-all Hi-tech Seed Co.,Ltd., /Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice New Varieties Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hefei 230088
    2Shanghai ZKW Molecular Breeding Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200233
    3Shanghai Materials Management Office of China Meteorological Administration, Shanghai 200050
  • Received:2021-04-27 Revised:2021-06-18 Online:2022-04-15 Published:2022-05-18
  • Contact: ZHANG Conghe

摘要:

气候变化直接影响农作物产量,根据生产实际和气候特征,因地制宜选育农作物新品种,对保障中国粮食安全具有重要的意义。本文利用1979—2014年中国粮食主产区和西北地区气象站点数据及粮食产量数据,通过进一步的统计分析,明确粮食产量与气候变化特征。结果表明:中国东北地区、黄淮海地区、长江流域地区和西北地区年平均气温增幅均值分别为0.30℃/10 a、0.37℃/10 a、0.38℃/10 a和0.48℃/10 a,与粮食产量相关性显著;年平均气温空间上从南到北、从东到西呈降低趋势;由于热量资源分布不均导致各地区年降水量变化差异显著,但与粮食产量相关性不显著。粮食作物应以优质、高产、多抗以及适宜于机械化生产为原则,采用传统育种和现代分子生物学技术相结合的育种策略,重点提高东北地区水稻品种的耐涝性和抗倒性,黄淮海和长江流域地区水稻品种的耐高温性,西北地区晚稻品种的耐低温性,以及各地区小麦和玉米品种的耐旱性。

关键词: 气候变化, 平均气温, 降水量, 粮食主产区, 农作物, 产量, 育种策略

Abstract:

Climate change has a direct impact on crop yield. Breeding new crop varieties according to production practice and climate characteristics is of great significance to food security in China. In this paper, we used the data of meteorological stations and grain yield from 1979 to 2014 in China’s main grain producing areas and northwest to clarify the characteristics of grain yield and climate change through statistical analysis. The results showed that the annual mean temperature increased in northeast China, the Huang-Huai-Hai region, the Yangtze River Basin and northwest China, and the increase rate was 0.30℃/10 a, 0.37℃/10 a, 0.38℃/10 a and 0.48℃/10 a, respectively, which was significantly correlated with grain yield. The annual mean temperature decreased from south to north and east to west. Due to the uneven distribution of heat resources, the change of annual precipitation rate in different regions was significantly different, but had no significant correlation with grain yield. Therefore, grain crop breeding should be based on the principles of high quality, high yield, multiple resistance, and suitability for mechanized production, and a breeding strategy combining traditional breeding and modern molecular biology techniques should be adopted. We should focus on improving the water logging tolerance and lodging resistance of rice varieties in the northeast, the high-temperature tolerance of rice varieties in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and the Yangtze River Basin, the low-temperature tolerance of late-season rice varieties in the northwest, and the drought tolerance of wheat and maize varieties in all regions.

Key words: climate change, mean temperature, precipitation rate, main grain producing areas, crop, yield, breeding strategies

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