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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (9): 1-8.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0369

所属专题： 生物技术

• 农学·农业基础科学 •    下一篇

化肥减量配施有机肥对粤西地区水稻产量和养分利用的影响

何国和1(), 陈海斌1, 杜建军1, 张伟丽2,3, 郭丽华3, 胡益波4, 颜肇华5, 张婧1()   

  1. 1 仲恺农业工程学院，资源与环境学院/广东省普通高校农业产地污染综合防治工程技术研究中心，广州 510225
    2 仲恺农业工程学院，农业与生物学院，广州 510225
    3 德庆仲恺农业产业科技创新研究有限公司，广东德庆 526642
    4 德庆县农业技术推广中心，广东德庆 526600
    5 德庆县农业科学研究所，广东德庆 526600
  • 收稿日期:2023-05-09 修回日期:2023-10-07 出版日期:2024-03-25 发布日期:2024-03-22
  • 通讯作者:
    张婧，女，1988年出生，山西大同人，助理研究员，主要从事农业生态系统氮素循环研究工作。通信地址：510025 广东省广州市海珠区仲恺路501号，Tel：020-89003927，E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    何国和，男，1999年出生，广东梅州人，硕士研究生，主要从事农田养分管理研究工作。通信地址：510225 广东省广州市海珠区仲恺路501号，Tel：020-89003927，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    2023年乡村振兴战略专项——农业科技发展及资源环境保护管理项目“以农业领域为单元的广东省现代农业产业共性关键技术研发创新团队建设项目（农业资源环境）”(2023KJ118); 德庆县农业农村局2020年其他涉农项目——肇庆市德庆县创建国家农业绿色发展先行区专项“化肥减量增效试验示范”

Effects of Fertilizer Reduction Combined with Organic Fertilizer on Rice Yield and Nutrient Utilization in Western Guangdong

HE Guohe1(), CHEN Haibin1, DU Jianjun1, ZHANG Weili2,3, GUO Lihua3, HU Yibo4, YAN Zhaohua5, ZHANG Jing1()   

  1. 1 Engineering and Technology Research Center for Agricultural Land Pollution Integrated Prevention and Control of Guangdong Colleges/College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225
    2 College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225
    3 Deqing Zhongkai Agricultural Industry Technology Innovation Research Co. Ltd., Deqing, Guangdong 526642
    4 Deqing County Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Deqing, Guangdong 526600
    5 Deqing County Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Deqing, Guangdong 526600
  • Received:2023-05-09 Revised:2023-10-07 Published:2024-03-25 Online:2024-03-22

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摘要：

针对水稻生产过程中化肥施用过量、养分吸收利用率低和面源污染风险高等问题，通过研究化肥减量配施有机肥对植株养分吸收量、肥料偏生产力、土壤养分平衡以及水稻产量的影响，提出稳产条件下适宜的化肥施用量以及有机无机肥配比措施，以期为水稻化肥减量增效与土壤培肥提供理论依据。本研究于2021年在粤西地区早稻生长季开展田间试验，研究了当地4种优化施肥方式：优化施肥处理(OPT)、增有机肥处理+化肥减量处理1 (OM1)、增施有机肥处+化肥减量处理2 (OM2)、增施有机肥处+化肥减量处理3 (OM3)对水稻产量、肥料偏生产力以及养分平衡的影响，从生产目标、环境效应和土壤肥力进行综合评价。结果表明：不同施肥方式下水稻籽粒产量和谷杆比分别在5667~5967 kg/hm2和1.09~1.31之间，氮肥、磷肥、钾肥偏生产力分别在30.4~47.2、96.0~122.1、47.2~105.9 kg/kg之间；农田氮素、磷素、钾素表观平衡在54.2~115.3、17.1~29.8、1.2~67.0 kg/hm2之间。4种施肥措施氮素、磷素和钾素平衡均处于盈余状态。在增施有机肥的处理中，随着化肥施用量的降低，水稻籽粒产量、谷杆比、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥偏生产力、磷素吸收率、钾素吸收率逐渐增加，氮素、磷素、钾素表观平衡逐渐降低。各有机肥替代处理秸秆钾素含量、钾肥偏生产力均显著高于OPT处理(P<0.05)。与农户常规施肥措施相比，优化施肥和增施有机肥措施均可以起到稳产效果，并且谷杆比、籽粒和秸秆含磷量、含钾量均较农户常规施肥措施提高。结合谷杆比、磷、钾肥偏生产力考虑，OM3处理效果最好；从氮肥偏生产力、氮素吸收率、土壤中氮素表观盈余率和产投比考虑OPT处理效果最好。

关键词: 水稻, 化肥减量, 有机肥无机肥配施, 产量, 养分利用

Abstract:

To solve the problems of excessive application of chemical fertilizer, low crop nutrient utilization efficiency and high risks of non-point source pollution in rice production, the impacts of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer on nutrient absorption, partial productivity of fertilizer, nutrient balance and rice yield were studied. The optimum management practices were identified in this study, which provided a theoretical basis for reducing fertilizer use, increasing use efficiency and improving soil fertility. A field experiment was carried out in the early rice growing season of western Guangdong in 2021. Four local recommended fertilization methods were tested, including optimized fertilization treatment (OPT), and reducing the rate of farmers’ conventional fertilizer application by 10%, 20% and 30% while applying organic fertilizer denote as OM1, OM2, and OM3 treatment, respectively. The results showed that the grain yield and grain-to-straw ratio varied from 5667-5967 kg/hm2 and 1.09-1.31, respectively. The partial factor productivity of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer were 30.4-47.2, 96.0-122.1 and 47.2-105.9 kg/kg, respectively. The apparent balance of N, P and K were 54.2-115.3, 17.1-29.8 and 1.2-67.0 kg/hm2, respectively. All of them were in a surplus state. In the treatments of organic fertilizer application, the rice grain yields, ratios of grain to stem, N, P, K fertilizer partial productivity, P absorption rate and K absorption rate increased along with the decrease of synthetic fertilizer application rate, while the apparent balance of N, P and K decreased. The straw K content and K partial factor productivity of each organic fertilizer substitution treatment were significantly higher than those of OPT treatment (P<0.05). Compared with farmers’ conventional fertilizer application, OPT, OM1, OM2 and OM3 treatments could maintain the paddy yield, and improve the ratio of grain to stem, the P content and K contents of grain and straw. Considering the ratio of grain to stem, P and K partial productivity, OM3 treatment was identified as optimum management practice. While considering the partial productivity of N fertilizer, N absorption rate, N surplus rate in soil and output-input ratio, OPT treatment was identified as optimum management practice.

Key words: paddy, synthetic fertilizer reduction, combined application of organic and synthetic fertilizers, yield, nutrient utilization