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中国农学通报

中国农学通报 ›› 2025, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (32): 36-45.doi: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0653

• 林学·园艺·园林 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同地理种源蒙古黄芪叶片解剖结构特征及其环境适应性

郑歆然1(), 吴青松1, 刘星雨1, 刘淑霞1, 肖宇1, 关向军1, 张鹏举1, 王菁菁1, 胡明1, 常远2, 王晓飞1()   

  1. 1 黑龙江省科学院大庆分院特色经济植物与土壤环境研究所，黑龙江大庆 163000
    2 吉林工业职业技术学院，吉林 132013
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-05 修回日期:2025-10-25 出版日期:2025-11-18 发布日期:2025-11-18
  • 通讯作者:
    王晓飞，女，1983年出生，黑龙江哈尔滨人，副研究员，硕士，主要从事中药材栽培及产地初加工方向研究。E-mail：。
  • 作者简介:

    郑歆然，女，1999年出生，黑龙江明水人，研究实习员，硕士，研究方向为经济植物栽培与选育。通信地址：163000 黑龙江省大庆市龙凤区博学大街43号 黑龙江省科学院大庆分院，E-mail：。

  • 基金资助:
    黑龙江省省属科研院所科研业务费项目“寒地药材种质资源收集、鉴定与评价”(KYYW2025DQ02)

Anatomical Characteristics and Environmental Adaptability of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus Leaves from Different Geographical Sources

ZHENG Xinran1(), WU Qingsong1, LIU Xingyu1, LIU Shuxia1, XIAO Yu1, GUAN Xiangjun1, ZHANG Pengju1, WANG Jingjing1, HU Ming1, CHANG Yuan2, WANG Xiaofei1()   

  1. 1 Institute of Characteristic Economic Plants and Soil Environment, Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000
    2 Jilin Vocational College of Industry, Jilin City, Jilin 132013
  • Received:2025-08-05 Revised:2025-10-25 Published:2025-11-18 Online:2025-11-18

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摘要： 为筛选对黑龙江省大庆市环境适应性强的蒙古黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus)种质资源，本研究于2020年将来自宁夏银川、内蒙古呼和浩特、黑龙江齐齐哈尔、河北保定、江苏沭阳、山西太原的6个地理种源种子，统一播种于黑龙江省大庆市试验基地（温带大陆性季风气候，年均温4.2℃，年均降水量 427.5 mm，土壤类型为黑钙土），通过4 a栽培后，采集成熟期植株功能叶片，采用石蜡切片法测定主脉直径、主脉导管直径、叶片厚度、表皮厚度、角质层厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、气孔长度和气孔宽度，计算栅海比、细胞结构紧密度(CTR)、叶片结构疏松度(SR)等14项叶片解剖结构指标，并结合主成分分析(PCA)与系统聚类法，揭示统一环境条件下种源间解剖分化特征及环境适应性规律。结果表明：（1）种源间解剖结构存在显著遗传分化，核心适应指标组包括栅海比、细胞结构紧密度、栅栏组织厚度、主脉直径及叶片厚度。其中黑龙江齐齐哈尔种源表现最优，栅栏组织厚度达(96.03±3.73)μm、栅海比(3.84±1.14)、细胞结构紧密度(63±0.4)%，均显著高于其他种源，而内蒙古呼和浩特种源上述指标均最低（栅栏组织厚度72.25±7.43 μm、栅海比1.52±0.55、细胞结构紧密度37±0.4）%。（2）主成分分析提取4个核心主成分，累计贡献率达85.12%。PC1（方差贡献率44.34%）载荷栅海比（0.93）、细胞结构紧密度(0.92)等指标，表征叶肉结构的光能-水分协同功能；PC2(20.50%)载荷主脉直径（0.87）、主脉导管直径(0.92)，反映维管输导效能；PC3(11.79%)载荷上表皮厚度(0.86)、下表皮厚度（0.76），体现表皮保护机制；PC4(8.49%)载荷叶片厚度(0.71)、气孔长度(-0.85)，关联叶片厚度与气孔大小调控策略。（3）环境适应性排序与聚类验证高度一致。基于主成分综合得分，6个种源适应性由强至弱依次为黑龙江齐齐哈尔(0.98)>江苏沭阳(0.10)>河北保定(0.06)>宁夏银川(-0.02)>山西太原(-0.15)>内蒙古呼和浩特 (-0.97)；系统聚类（欧式距离5为阈值）进一步将其划分为3级适应性类群：Ⅰ类（黑龙江齐齐哈尔、江苏沭阳）适应性强，Ⅱ类（河北保定、宁夏银川、山西太原）适应性较强，Ⅲ类（内蒙古呼和浩特）适应性弱。本研究明确了蒙古黄芪叶片解剖结构的遗传分化特征及核心适应指标，为东北及相似生态区蒙古黄芪优良种质筛选提供了解剖学依据，也为药用植物跨区域引种的适应性评估提供了理论支撑。

关键词: 蒙古黄芪, 地理种源, 叶片解剖结构, 环境适应性, 抗旱性, 主成分分析, 聚类分析, 核心适应指标, 石蜡切片技术

Abstract:

To screen germplasm resources of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus with high environmental adaptability to Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province, seeds from six geographical sources, Yinchuan (Ningxia), Hohhot (Inner Mongolia), Qiqihar (Heilongjiang), Baoding (Hebei), Shuyang (Jiangsu), and Taiyuan (Shanxi)—were sown in 2020 at the experimental base in Daqing. The site features a temperate continental monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 4.2℃, annual precipitation of 427.5 mm, and chernozem soil. After four years of cultivation, functional leaves from mature plants were collected. Using paraffin sectioning, 14 leaf anatomical traits were measured, including midvein diameter, midvein vessel diameter, leaf thickness, epidermal thickness, cuticle thickness, palisade tissue thickness, spongy tissue thickness, stomatal length, and stomatal width. Derived indices such as palisade-to-spongy ratio (P/S), cell tension ratio (CTR), and sponge ratio (SR) were also calculated. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering were employed to elucidate anatomical differentiation among seed sources and their environmental adaptation under uniform growing conditions. Key findings include: (1) significant genetic divergence in leaf anatomy was observed among seed sources. Core adaptive traits included P/S ratio, CTR, palisade tissue thickness, midvein diameter, and leaf thickness. The Qiqihar (Heilongjiang) source exhibited superior performance, with palisade tissue thickness of (96.03±3.73) μm, P/S ratio of (3.84±1.14), and CTR of (63±0.4)%, all significantly higher than other sources. In contrast, the Hohhot (Inner Mongolia) source showed the lowest values for these traits (palisade tissue thickness: 72.25±7.43 μm; P/S ratio: 1.52±0.55; CTR: 37±0.4%). (2) PCA extracted four principal components, collectively accounting for 85.12% of the total variance. PC1 (44.34% variance) was heavily loaded with P/S ratio (0.93) and CTR (0.92), reflecting the synergistic function of mesophyll structure in light capture and water use. PC2 (20.50%) was associated with midvein diameter (0.87) and vessel diameter (0.92), indicating vascular transport efficiency. PC3 (11.79%) was linked to upper (0.86) and lower (0.76) epidermal thickness, representing protective mechanisms. PC4 (8.49%) correlated with leaf thickness (0.71) and stomatal length (-0.85), suggesting a trade-off between leaf thickness and stomatal size regulation. (3) Environmental adaptability rankings, consistent with cluster analysis, based on PCA composite scores, were as follows: Qiqihar (0.98) > Shuyang (0.10) > Baoding (0.06) > Yinchuan (-0.02) > Taiyuan (-0.15) > Hohhot (-0.97). Hierarchical clustering (Euclidean distance = 5) grouped the sources into three adaptability categories: Group I (Qiqihar, Shuyang)-high adaptability; Group II (Baoding, Yinchuan, Taiyuan)-moderate adaptability; Group III (Hohhot)-low adaptability. This study clarifies the genetic differentiation in leaf anatomical traits of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus and identifies key adaptive indicators, providing an anatomical basis for selecting superior germplasm in Northeast China and similar ecological regions. It also offers theoretical support for assessing the adaptability of medicinal plants introduced across different geographic areas.

Key words: Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, geographic provenances, leaf anatomical structure, environmental adaptability, drought resistance, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, core adaptive indicators, paraffin sectioning technique