Abstract: Due to a lot of problems such as insufficient usable area and limited usable modes existing in land use of limestone mountainous areas, the problem of rural poverty could be generated easily. The paper researches influential factors on peasant households’ land use transformation in impoverished limestone mountainous areas and discusses land use modes adapted to modern agriculture development, expecting to relieve poverty problems in impoverished limestone mountainous areas. Based on questionnaire data of Luoyang Town, Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the paper uses a binary selection Logit model to conduct system analysis of current influential factors on peasant households’ land use transformation from three perspectives including land use structure, land use ownership and land use mode of peasant households. Research results indicate that the governmental land contract strategy is still the major influential factor on peasant households’ land use transformation; family type, personal characteristics, resource endowment and economic factors of peasant households influence their land use behaviors according to their land use transformation demands in different aspects. The local government shall persist on the basic principles of rural land “three-power distribution” policy; and shall rationally guide the peasant households’ land use behaviors through differential modification and perfection of rural land contract policies, and perfection of rural land circulation markets, as well as other measures in view of specific backgrounds of the limestone mountainous areas. In this way, land use efficiency can be increased, and sustainable utilization of land resources can be achieved.