不同施肥模式对土壤微生物多样性及群落结构的影响

doi:10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2025-0105

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本论文探究了旱作条件下，壤土核桃园土壤根际微生物群落结构差异和多样性，为核桃的优质生产提供理论依据。以山西农业大学果树研究所核桃试验园为研究对象，通过多年不同施肥模式定位试验，采用16Sr基因高通量测序技术，单因素方差分析，探究了核桃园不同施肥模式（CK：不施肥+自然生草；MG：羊粪+人工生草；M：羊粪+自然生草）下，壤土核桃土壤根际土壤微生物细菌、真菌的群落结构。结果表明：施用有机肥显著增加了土壤中养分含量，且以自然生草状态下配施羊粪处理增加最为显著。同时，施用有机肥显著提高了土壤酶的活性，其中羊粪与人工生草配施的处理活性更强，有效加速了土壤养分的循环。此外，随着有机培肥的进行，生草覆盖增加了土壤中细菌与真菌的种群数量及群落结构，增加了参与氮素循环和碳素循环微生物的数量，促进了土壤养分的循环转化。在山西地区旱作条件下壤土核桃园推广有机培肥与行间生草能有效改善土壤微生物的群落结构和多样性，增加土壤中养分的可利用性，同时优化土壤生态。

关键词: 不同施肥模式, 根际土壤, 微生物, 生物群落及多样性, 核桃园

Abstract:

This study explored the structural variations and diversity of soil rhizosphere microbial communities in dryland loam walnut orchards, aiming to establish a theoretical basis for improving high-quality walnut production. The research was conducted at the walnut experimental orchard of the Pomology Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, through long-term positioning experiments utilizing various fertilization regimes. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, along with one-way ANOVA, was employed to assess the community structures of soil rhizosphere bacteria and fungi under different fertilization treatments, including CK (no fertilization with natural grass cover), MG (sheep manure with artificial grass cover), and M (sheep manure with natural grass cover). The results revealed that organic fertilizer application significantly enhanced soil nutrient content, with the combination of sheep manure and natural grass cover exhibiting the most substantial effect. Furthermore, the application of organic fertilizers significantly improved soil enzyme activity, particularly when sheep manure was combined with artificial grass cover, thereby effectively accelerating soil nutrient cycling. Moreover, the integration of organic fertilization with grass cover had been shown to enhance bacterial and fungal populations and community structures, thereby increasing the abundance of microorganisms involved in nitrogen and carbon cycles and facilitating nutrient cycling and transformation. In the context of dryland conditions in Shanxi, the promotion of organic fertilization and inter-row grass cover in loam walnut orchards could significantly improve the structure and diversity of soil microbial communities, enhance soil nutrient availability, and optimize soil ecological conditions.

Key words: different fertilization patterns, rhizosphere soil, microorganisms, biological communities and diversity, walnut orchard

王琦, 史高川, 田鑫, 李阳, 李夏媛, 武艳霞, 高鹏. 不同施肥模式对土壤微生物多样性及群落结构的影响[J]. 中国农学通报, 2025, 41(17): 54-61.

WANG Qi, SHI Gaochuan, TIAN Xin, LI Yang, LI Xiayuan, WU Yanxia, GAO Peng. Effects of Different Fertilization Practices on Soil Microbial Diversity and Community Structure[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2025, 41(17): 54-61.

图/表 9

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处理	全氮(TN)/ (g/kg)	有效磷(AP)/ (mg/kg)	速效钾(AK)/ (mg/kg)	有机质(OM)/ (g/kg)	有效态铁(Fe)/ (mg/kg)	锰(Mn)/ (mg/kg)	铜(Cu)/ (mg/ EMBED Excel.Sheet.8 EMBED Excel.Sheet.8 kg)	锌(Zn)/ (mg/kg)
CK	0.87±0.11b	12.1±6.65b	152.68±51.8b	14.49±2.01b	3.1±0.08b	5.89±0.46a	0.61±0.02a	1.69±0.2b
MG	0.93±0.21b	19.15±4.77b	148.4±34.9b	16.31±0.96b	3.3±0.58b	5.25±1.22ab	0.53±0.07a	2.02±0.61b
M	1.34±0.1a	109.6±23.5a	643.78±47a	21.01±3.06a	6.57±1.23a	3.68±0.51b	0.82±0.28a	5.9±1.08a

处理	全氮(TN)/ (g/kg)	有效磷(AP)/ (mg/kg)	速效钾(AK)/ (mg/kg)	有机质(OM)/ (g/kg)	有效态铁(Fe)/ (mg/kg)	锰(Mn)/ (mg/kg)	铜(Cu)/ (mg/ EMBED Excel.Sheet.8 EMBED Excel.Sheet.8 kg)	锌(Zn)/ (mg/kg)
CK	0.87±0.11b	12.1±6.65b	152.68±51.8b	14.49±2.01b	3.1±0.08b	5.89±0.46a	0.61±0.02a	1.69±0.2b
MG	0.93±0.21b	19.15±4.77b	148.4±34.9b	16.31±0.96b	3.3±0.58b	5.25±1.22ab	0.53±0.07a	2.02±0.61b
M	1.34±0.1a	109.6±23.5a	643.78±47a	21.01±3.06a	6.57±1.23a	3.68±0.51b	0.82±0.28a	5.9±1.08a

处理	过氧化氢酶活性	蔗糖酶活性	磷酸酶活性	脲酶活性
CK	1.26±0.28a	24±5.54a	0.04±0a	1.63±0.5a
MG	1.26±0.21a	26±3.55a	0.04±0a	2.08±0.27a
M	1.45±0.11a	19.6±6.04a	0.05±0a	1.99±0.24a

处理	过氧化氢酶活性	蔗糖酶活性	磷酸酶活性	脲酶活性
CK	1.26±0.28a	24±5.54a	0.04±0a	1.63±0.5a
MG	1.26±0.21a	26±3.55a	0.04±0a	2.08±0.27a
M	1.45±0.11a	19.6±6.04a	0.05±0a	1.99±0.24a

处理	细菌				真菌
处理	ACE	Chao	Shannon	Simpson	ACE	Chao	Shannon	Simpson
CK	513.01±19.44a	6.8±0.38a	520.58±13.96a	0.97±0.01a	263.4±20.7a	269.66±17.61a	5.34±0.45a	0.93±0.03a
MG	523.13±15.77a	6.64±0.07a	522.63±17.86a	0.97±0a	259±22.9a	269.7±20.1a	4.64±0.34b	0.89±0.01b
M	538.65±2.93a	7.05±0.22a	541.65±3.27a	0.98±0a	262.13±16.1a	263.83±14.51a	5.19±0.22ab	0.93±0.02ab